New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious ... - Environmental Defense Fund
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><head><title>New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious cap-and-invest program</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-734c84ee6306c2e79a3",applicationID:"762935400"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
(()=>{"use strict";var e,t,n={5763:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P_:()=>f,Mt:()=>p,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>m,OP:()=>_,lF:()=>E,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>g,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>j});var r=n(8632),i=n(9567);const o={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,r.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var d=n(7056);const u=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},l={};function f(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]=(0,i.D)(t,u()),(0,r.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var n=f(e);if(n){for(var r=t.split("."),i=0;i<r.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[i]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}const h={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},v={};function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!v[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return v[e]}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");v[e]=(0,i.D)(t,h),(0,r.Qy)(e,v[e],"loader_config")}const y=(0,r.mF)().o;var w=n(385),A=n(6818);const x={buildEnv:A.Re,bytesSent:{},queryBytesSent:{},customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:A.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(w._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||w._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+w._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof w._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:A.q4},D={};function _(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!D[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return D[e]}function j(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");D[e]=(0,i.D)(t,x),(0,r.Qy)(e,D[e],"runtime")}function E(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>i});var r=n(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const n=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(n).length?e:n;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?n[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):n[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return n}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>r});const r="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>d,Nk:()=>l,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>r,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const r="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=r?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),u=Boolean(r&&window.document.documentMode),l=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{w:()=>o});var r=n(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=n)}))}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{L:()=>u,R:()=>c});var r=n(2177),i=n(1284),o=n(4322),a=n(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const n={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,n)}function d(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const n=[...s[e]];function a(t){const n=e?r.ee.get(e):r.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(n.backlog&&a){var s=n.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var d=0;s&&d<s.length;++d)l(s[d],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,n){n[0].on(e,n[1])}))}))}delete a[t],n.backlog[t]=null,n.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}n.every((e=>{let[t,n]=e;return n.staged}))&&(n.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),n.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function l(e,t){var n=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[n],(function(t,n){var r=e[0];if(n[0]===r){var i=n[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{ee:()=>d});var r=n(8632),i=n(2210),o=n(1284),a=n(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,r.fP)();var d;function u(){}function l(){return new u}function f(){d.aborted=!0,d.backlog={}}c.ee?d=c.ee:(d=function e(t,n){var r={},c={},g={},p=!1;try{p=16===n.length&&(0,a.OP)(n).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:A,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:x,abort:f,aborted:!1,isBuffering:D,debugId:n,backlog:p?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof u?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,n,r,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!d.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,n,r);for(var a=v(r),s=w(e),u=s.length,l=0;l<u;l++)s[l].apply(a,n);var f=_()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([h,e,n,a]),a}}function b(e,t){r[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var n=r[e];if(n)for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)n[i]===t&&n.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return r[e]||[]}function A(t){return g[t]=g[t]||e(h,t)}function x(e,t){var n=_();h.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,r){t=t||"feature",c[r]=t,t in n||(n[t]=[])}))}function D(e){return!!_()[c[e]]}function _(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=d)},5546:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{E:()=>r,p:()=>i});var r=n(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,n,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,n)):(r.buffer([e],i),r.emit(e,t,n))}},4322:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>o});var r=n(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,n,o){a(o||r.E,i,e,t,n)}function a(e,t,n,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=r.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[n]=a[n]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var r=n(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};r._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),r._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(n,r))}function c(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(n,r))}},4402:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var r=n(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let t,n=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++n).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let n,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(n=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(n,++i).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Bq:()=>r,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const r="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,n)=>{function r(){return Math.round(performance.now())}n.d(t,{z:()=>r})},50:(e,t,n)=>{function r(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}n.d(t,{Z:()=>r})},2587:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>d});var r=n(2177),i=n(5546),o=n(8e3),a=n(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const n=r.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;void 0===d[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{r?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,n):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,n),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(r)],void 0,e,n)})):r&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,n),d[t]=Boolean(r))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===d[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,n))),d[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const d={}},2210:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>i});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,n){if(r.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r});const r=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[n,r]=e;return t(n,r)}))},4351:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P:()=>o});var r=n(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,n)=>{if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n){if(e.has(n))return;e.add(n)}return n}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{r.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var r=n(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,r.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>u,mF:()=>s});var r=n(7894),i=n(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,n){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[n]:t}},i}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function u(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>i});var r=n(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,r.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),n,i)}},3081:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>r,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const r=n(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{W:()=>o});var r=n(5763),i=n(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,n){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=n,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{j:()=>v});var r=n(3325),i=n(5763),o=n(5546),a=n(2177),s=n(7894),c=n(8e3),d=n(3960),u=n(385),l=n(50),f=n(3081),g=n(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),i=1;i<n;i++)r[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...r))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...r)}}))}var h=n(2587);function v(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},v=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,m=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:A={loaderType:v},exposed:x=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();y||(b=D.init,y=D.info,w=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,A),y.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),p();const _=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,n,r,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===n?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:n}}),A(v,r,!0,o||null===n?"session":void 0)(t,n)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>g[e]=A(v,e,!0,"api"))),g.addPageAction=A(v,"addPageAction",!0,r.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=A(v,"routeName",!0,r.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,n){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(n||"http://custom.transaction")+t,A(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",n);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,n],i,r.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],n),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],n),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],n)}}}};function A(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],n?null:this,i,p),n?void 0:this}}function x(){n.e(439).then(n.bind(n,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:n}=t;n(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(m,e,void 0,r.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,r.D.jserrors,p)},u.il?(0,d.b)((()=>x()),!0):x(),g}(e,m);return(0,g.Qy)(e,_,"api"),(0,g.Qy)(e,x,"exposed"),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T),_}},3325:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r,p:()=>i});const r={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[r.pageViewEvent]:1,[r.pageViewTiming]:2,[r.metrics]:3,[r.jserrors]:4,[r.ajax]:5,[r.sessionTrace]:6,[r.pageAction]:7,[r.spa]:8,[r.sessionReplay]:9}}},r={};function i(e){var t=r[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=r[e]={exports:{}};return n[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=n,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var n in t)i.o(t,n)&&!i.o(e,n)&&Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t[n]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,n)=>(i.f[n](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(n,r,o,a)=>{if(e[n])e[n].push(r);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==n||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=n),e[n]=[r];var f=(t,r)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[n];if(delete e[n],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=6,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={6:0,352:0};i.f.j=(t,n)=>{var r=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((n,i)=>r=e[t]=[n,i]));n.push(r[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(n=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(r=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),r)){var o=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),a=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,r[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,n)=>{var r,o,[a,s,c]=n,d=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(r in s)i.o(s,r)&&(i.m[r]=s[r]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(n);d<a.length;d++)o=a[d],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},n=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];n.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),n.push=t.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))})();var o={};(()=>{i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const n=Object.values(e.D);function r(e){const r={};return n.forEach((n=>{r[n]=function(e,n){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(n,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(n,e)})),r}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),d=i(8e3),u=i(5938),l=i(3960),f=i(50);class g extends u.W{constructor(e,t,n){let r=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,n),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,r&&(0,d.R)(e,n)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const n=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let r;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{r=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,f.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,d.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:n}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await n(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),r(!0)}catch(e){(0,f.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),r(!1)}};c.il?(0,l.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(n,r){return n!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!r?.isNew||!!r?.state.sessionReplay)}}var p=i(7633),h=i(7894);class v extends g{static featureName=p.t9;constructor(n,r){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(n,r,p.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const r=(0,t.OP)(n);r[p.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-r.offset,0),(0,l.K)((()=>r[p.qw]=Math.max((0,h.z)()-r[p.Dz],0))),(0,l.b)((()=>{const t=(0,h.z)();r[p.OJ]=Math.max(t-r[p.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var m=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends m.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,n,r,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,n){t[e]=w(n,t[e])})),t}(r,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,n,r,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=n.count,(0,b.D)(n,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var r=a[e],i=n[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,r):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=A(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=n}storeMetric(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,n);return i.stats=w(r,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,n,r){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:n||{}},r&&(i.custom=r)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},n="",r=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[n=e[i]]=x(this.aggregatedData[n]),t[n].length&&(r=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[n];return r?t:null}}function w(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=A(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function A(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function x(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,b.D)(e,D)}function D(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),j=i(4402),E=i(4351);var k=i(7956),T=i(3239),I=i(9251);class N extends g{static featureName=I.t;constructor(e,n){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,n,I.t,r),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,k.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,h.z)()],void 0,I.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,h.z)()],void 0,I.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class S extends g{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,n),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,j.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(v),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,f.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const n=r(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,n)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[n.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(n[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const r=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);r.every((e=>n[e]))||(0,f.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(r),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,_.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,f.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const n=(0,_.fP)();return delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,n.ee?.abort(),delete n.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[v,N,S],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();</script><meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /><link rel="pingback" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/xmlrpc.php" /><meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//blogs.edf.org' /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//platform-api.sharethis.com' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css…; type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*<![CDATA[*/body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}/*]]>*/</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='share-this-share-buttons-sticky-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/plugins/sharethis-share-but…; type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='images-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/themes/thematic/library/sty…; type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='plugins-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/themes/thematic/library/sty…; type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='thematic_style-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/themes/EDF-2020/style.css?v…; type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-responsive-tables-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-responsi…; type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if !IE]><!--> <!--<![endif]--> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ve…; id='jquery-core-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.m…; id='jquery-migrate-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='fdfootnote_script-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='//platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js?ver=2.1.6#property=5c2fbcf7a47fe500116a8c93&product=inline-buttons&source=sharethis-share-buttons-wordpress' id='share-this-share-buttons-mu-js'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/23363" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/24/new-york-is-poised-to-eleva…; /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/?p=23363' /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%…; /><link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%…; /> <script type="text/javascript">function powerpress_pinw(pinw_url){window.open(pinw_url, 'PowerPressPlayer','toolbar=0,status=0,resizable=1,width=460,height=320'); return false;}</script> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/plugins/simple-pull-quote/c…; /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,Cgl3aW5kb3cuX3dwX3JwX3N0YXRpY19iYXNlX3VybCA9ICdodHRwczovL3dwcnAuemVtYW50YS5jb20vc3RhdGljLyc7Cgl3aW5kb3cuX3dwX3JwX3dwX2FqYXhfdXJsID0gImh0dHBzOi8vYmxvZ3MuZWRmLm9yZy9jbGltYXRlNDExL3dwLWFkbWluL2FkbWluLWFqYXgucGhwIjsKCXdpbmRvdy5fd3BfcnBfcGx1Z2luX3ZlcnNpb24gPSAnMy42LjQnOwoJd2luZG93Ll93cF9ycF9wb3N0X2lkID0gJzIzMzYzJzsKCXdpbmRvdy5fd3BfcnBfbnVtX3JlbF9wb3N0cyA9ICczJzsKCXdpbmRvdy5fd3BfcnBfdGh1bWJuYWlscyA9IGZhbHNlOwoJd2luZG93Ll93cF9ycF9wb3N0X3RpdGxlID0gJ05ldytZb3JrK2lzK3BvaXNlZCt0bytlbGV2YXRlK2l0cytjbGltYXRlK2xlYWRlcnNoaXArd2l0aCthbWJpdGlvdXMrY2FwLWFuZC1pbnZlc3QrcHJvZ3JhbSc7Cgl3aW5kb3cuX3dwX3JwX3Bvc3RfdGFncyA9IFsnZ3JlZW5ob3VzZStnYXMrZW1pc3Npb25zJywgJ2Vjb25vbWljcycsICdzY2llbmNlJywgJ2NhcmJvbittYXJrZXRzJywgJ2hlYWx0aCcsICdlbmVyZ3knLCAnY2l0aWVzK2FuZCtzdGF0ZXMnLCAncG9saWN5JywgJ2Jsb2cnLCAnYWx0JywgJ3Byb2dyYW0nLCAnY2xpbWF0JywgJ2NvbmNlcnQnLCAnZGV2ZWxvcCcsICdlbmVyZ2knLCAnZ292ZXJub3InLCAnZW52aXJvbm1lbnQnLCAnc3RhdGUnLCAnbGVhZGVyc2hpcCcsICdwb2xpY2knLCAneW9yaycsICdlbWlzcycsICdjb25zZXJ2J107Cgl3aW5kb3cuX3dwX3JwX3Byb21vdGVkX2NvbnRlbnQgPSB0cnVlOwo="></script> <style type="text/css">div.wp_rp_footer {
text-align: right !important;
}</style> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,DQogICAgICAgIHNldFRpbWVvdXQoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXt2YXIgYT1kb2N1bWVudC5jcmVhdGVFbGVtZW50KCJzY3JpcHQiKTsNCiAgICAgICAgdmFyIGI9ZG9jdW1lbnQuZ2V0RWxlbWVudHNCeVRhZ05hbWUoJ3NjcmlwdCcpWzBdOw0KICAgICAgICBhLnNyYz1kb2N1bWVudC5sb2NhdGlvbi5wcm90b2NvbCsiLy9zY3JpcHQuY3JhenllZ2cuY29tL3BhZ2VzL3NjcmlwdHMvMDAxMS8yNDY4LmpzIjsNCiAgICAgICAgYS5hc3luYz10cnVlO2EudHlwZT0idGV4dC9qYXZhc2NyaXB0IjtiLnBhcmVudE5vZGUuaW5zZXJ0QmVmb3JlKGEsYil9LCAxKTsNCiAgICAgICAg"></script><link rel="icon" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//2023/01/…; sizes="32x32" /><link rel="icon" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//2023/01/…; sizes="192x192" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//2023/01/…; /><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//2023/01/…; /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Climate 411"/><meta property="og:title" content="New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious cap-and-invest program"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/24/new-york-is-poised-to-eleva… property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:description" content="As Governor Hochul and her administration advance a major cap-and-invest program, a new EDF analysis on state emissions reveals how New York’s progress stacks up against its climate goals."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… property="og:image:url" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… property="article:published_time" content="2023-07-24T13:29:21-05:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-07-24T13:46:00-05:00" /><meta property="og:updated_time" content="2023-07-24T13:46:00-05:00" /><meta property="article:section" content="Carbon Markets"/><meta property="article:section" content="Cities and states"/><meta property="article:section" content="Economics"/><meta property="article:section" content="Energy"/><meta property="article:section" content="Greenhouse Gas Emissions"/><meta property="article:section" content="Health"/><meta property="article:section" content="Policy"/><meta property="article:section" content="Science"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious cap-and-invest program"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://utility.edf.org" /> <!--[if IE ]><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js"></script><![endif]--> <!--[if !IE]>--><script>/*<![CDATA[*/if (!Array.prototype.forEach || !Array.prototype.includes || !Object.assign || !Object.entries || !Object.keys || !document.querySelector || typeof navigator.sendBeacon !== 'function' || !JSON) {
document.write("<script src='https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?flags=gated%2Calways&features=Ar…;\x3C/script>");
}/*]]>*/</script><!--<![endif]--> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://browser.sentry-cdn.com/7.0.0/bundle.min.js"></script> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/if (window.performance && performance.mark) performance.mark('utilities_start');/*]]>*/</script> <meta id="dataAdmin" content="false" data-nid="23363" class="post-template-default single single-post postid-23363 single-format-standard post-new-york-is-poised-to-elevate-its-climate-leadership-with-ambitious-cap-and-invest-program is-blogs has-2col unknown-os unknown-browser"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://utility.edf.org" /><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.edf.org/assets/global/dist/js/utilities.min.js?v=2023072418… || document.write("<script src=https://www.edf.org/assets/global/dist/js/utilities.min.js?v=2023072418…;\x3C/script>")/*]]>*/</script> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/if (window.performance && performance.mark){
performance.mark('utilities_end');
performance.measure('utilities_span', 'utilities_start', 'utilities_end');
}/*]]>*/</script> </head><body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-23363 single-format-standard post-new-york-is-poised-to-elevate-its-climate-leadership-with-ambitious-cap-and-invest-program is-blogs has-2col unknown-os unknown-browser"><div class="faux-body"><header class="edf site-header site-header--border" role="banner"><div class="hamburger-holder"> <button class="hamburger-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="TopnavVerticals" id="HamburgerButton"> <span class="line top"></span> <span class="line middle"></span> <span class="line bottom"></span> </button></div><div class="logo-holder"> <a href="https://www.edf.org/" class="site-logo__link" title="Environmental Defense Fund"> <span class="visually-hidden">Home</span> <svg class="site-logo full-logo" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="170" height="46.58" viewBox="0 0 281 77" fill="none"> <path d="M91.778 2.456H103.5V6.12h-7.513v4.702h7.374v3.7h-7.374v5.013h7.513V23.2H91.778V2.456Zm14.331 5.359h3.478c0 .657 0 1.314-.035 2.04.661-1.21 2.053-2.559 4.835-2.524 5.044.034 6.018 3.872 6.018 6.604v9.3h-3.687v-8.367c0-2.316-.766-4.08-3.374-4.08-2.609.035-3.513 1.764-3.513 3.942v8.505h-3.687V7.815h-.035ZM130.283 23.2h-3.617l-5.74-15.385h3.827l3.722 10.787 3.721-10.787h3.827l-5.74 15.386Zm7.444-20.744h3.687V5.74h-3.687V2.456Zm0 5.359h3.687v15.42h-3.687V7.815Zm6.748 0h3.513V9.82c.661-1.383 1.948-2.455 4.278-2.49v3.7h-.174c-2.608 0-3.93 1.21-3.93 3.873V23.2h-3.687V7.815Zm7.757 7.641c0-3.942 2.921-8.125 8.313-8.125 5.391 0 8.313 4.183 8.313 8.125 0 3.976-2.922 8.16-8.313 8.16-5.392.034-8.313-4.15-8.313-8.16Zm3.687.07c0 2.696 2.052 4.701 4.591 4.701s4.592-2.005 4.592-4.702c0-2.731-2.018-4.702-4.592-4.702s-4.591 1.936-4.591 4.702Zm15.2-7.711h3.478c0 .657 0 1.314-.034 2.04.66-1.21 2.052-2.559 4.834-2.524 5.044.034 6.018 3.872 6.018 6.604v9.3h-3.687v-8.367c0-2.316-.765-4.08-3.374-4.08-2.609.035-3.513 1.764-3.513 3.942v8.505h-3.687V7.815h-.035Zm17.357 0h3.478V9.75c.348-.691 1.844-2.42 4.522-2.42 1.287 0 2.679.38 3.826 1.556.348.38.731 1.002.94 1.417a6.74 6.74 0 0 1 1.113-1.452c.974-.899 2.33-1.521 3.965-1.521 1.287 0 2.922.346 4.139 1.556 1.426 1.452 1.705 2.731 1.705 5.877V23.2h-3.688v-8.298c0-.968-.069-2.04-.626-2.87-.382-.76-1.113-1.28-2.434-1.28-1.287 0-2.192.554-2.679 1.418-.487.83-.522 1.66-.522 2.593V23.2h-3.687v-8.437c0-.898-.069-1.763-.487-2.558-.452-.83-1.217-1.418-2.539-1.418-1.356 0-2.191.657-2.643 1.418-.452.83-.592 1.763-.592 2.662V23.2h-3.687V7.815h-.104Zm29.392 8.92c.174 2.455 2.365 3.838 4.487 3.803 1.809 0 3.026-.83 3.722-2.074h3.826c-.73 1.729-1.843 3.008-3.13 3.872-1.287.9-2.818 1.349-4.418 1.349-4.765 0-8.174-3.838-8.174-8.125 0-4.391 3.444-8.23 8.139-8.23 2.331 0 4.348.865 5.774 2.352 1.879 1.936 2.609 4.356 2.296 7.053h-12.522Zm8.835-2.8c-.139-1.453-1.704-3.492-4.417-3.492-2.748 0-4.244 1.97-4.383 3.492h8.8Zm5.913-6.12h3.479c0 .657 0 1.314-.035 2.04.661-1.21 2.052-2.559 4.835-2.524 5.043.034 6.017 3.872 6.017 6.604v9.3h-3.687v-8.367c0-2.316-.765-4.08-3.374-4.08-2.609.035-3.513 1.764-3.513 3.942v8.505h-3.687V7.815h-.035Zm18.331 2.835h-2.574V7.815h2.574v-5.36h3.687v5.36h2.644v2.835h-2.644v12.585h-3.687V10.65Zm23.235 12.55h-3.687v-2.212c-.974 1.798-3.061 2.697-5.217 2.697-4.974 0-7.861-3.838-7.861-8.194 0-4.841 3.513-8.16 7.861-8.16 2.817 0 4.557 1.487 5.217 2.731V7.815h3.687V23.2Zm-13.078-7.606c0 1.902 1.391 4.702 4.73 4.702 2.053 0 3.409-1.071 4.14-2.454.382-.657.521-1.418.591-2.179a4.772 4.772 0 0 0-.417-2.178c-.661-1.452-2.087-2.731-4.314-2.731-3.061 0-4.73 2.42-4.73 4.84Zm16.209-13.138H281v20.78h-3.687V2.455ZM91.778 29.078h6.644c2.608 0 6.365.242 8.869 3.596 1.531 1.902 2.157 4.218 2.157 6.777 0 5.878-3.096 10.407-10.713 10.407h-6.957v-20.78Zm7.165 17.115c4.522 0 6.261-2.939 6.261-6.673 0-1.625-.417-3.354-1.426-4.668-.869-1.106-2.295-2.074-4.835-2.074h-2.991v13.415h2.991Zm15.549-2.835c.173 2.455 2.365 3.838 4.487 3.803 1.808 0 3.026-.83 3.721-2.074h3.827c-.731 1.728-1.844 3.008-3.131 3.872-1.287.899-2.817 1.348-4.417 1.348-4.766 0-8.174-3.837-8.174-8.125 0-4.39 3.443-8.229 8.139-8.229 2.33 0 4.348.865 5.774 2.352 1.878 1.936 2.609 4.356 2.296 7.053h-12.522Zm8.835-2.8c-.14-1.453-1.705-3.493-4.418-3.493-2.748 0-4.244 1.971-4.383 3.492h8.801Zm6.121-3.285h-1.913v-2.835h1.913v-.865c0-4.564 3.514-4.84 6.157-4.875v2.835c-.939 0-2.47 0-2.47 2.178v.761h2.47v2.835h-2.47v12.586h-3.687v-12.62Zm9.809 6.085c.174 2.455 2.366 3.838 4.487 3.803 1.809 0 3.027-.83 3.722-2.074h3.826c-.73 1.728-1.843 3.008-3.13 3.872-1.287.899-2.818 1.348-4.418 1.348-4.765 0-8.174-3.837-8.174-8.125 0-4.39 3.444-8.229 8.14-8.229 2.33 0 4.348.865 5.774 2.352 1.878 1.936 2.608 4.356 2.295 7.053h-12.522Zm8.835-2.8c-.139-1.453-1.704-3.493-4.417-3.493-2.748 0-4.244 1.971-4.383 3.492h8.8Zm5.879-6.12h3.478c0 .656 0 1.313-.035 2.04.661-1.21 2.053-2.56 4.835-2.525 5.044.035 6.018 3.873 6.018 6.604v9.301h-3.687v-8.367c0-2.317-.765-4.08-3.374-4.08-2.609.035-3.513 1.763-3.513 3.942v8.505h-3.722v-15.42Zm24.07 4.149c-.035-.83-.452-1.66-1.878-1.66-1.253 0-1.844.795-1.844 1.556.035.968 1.148 1.521 2.609 1.936 2.469.657 5.183 1.418 5.183 4.702.069 3.181-2.644 5.186-5.879 5.186-2.4 0-5.635-1.244-5.913-4.978h3.687c.139 1.66 1.565 2.005 2.296 2.005 1.148 0 2.156-.76 2.122-1.798 0-1.314-1.148-1.694-4.001-2.662-2.087-.657-3.791-1.798-3.826-4.01 0-3.043 2.574-4.91 5.566-4.91 2.087 0 5.182.933 5.495 4.633h-3.617Zm9.044 4.771c.174 2.455 2.365 3.838 4.487 3.803 1.808 0 3.026-.83 3.722-2.074h3.826c-.731 1.728-1.844 3.008-3.131 3.872-1.287.899-2.817 1.348-4.417 1.348-4.766 0-8.174-3.837-8.174-8.125 0-4.39 3.443-8.229 8.139-8.229 2.33 0 4.348.865 5.774 2.352 1.878 1.936 2.609 4.356 2.296 7.053h-12.522Zm8.835-2.8c-.139-1.453-1.705-3.493-4.418-3.493-2.748 0-4.243 1.971-4.383 3.492h8.801ZM91.778 55.736h11.096V59.4h-6.887v4.978h6.713v3.665h-6.713v8.437h-4.209V55.736Zm27.688 20.779h-3.479v-2.04c-.661 1.21-2.017 2.559-4.835 2.524-5.078-.034-6.052-3.872-6.052-6.569v-9.335h3.687v8.402c0 2.281.765 4.08 3.374 4.045 2.644 0 3.548-1.729 3.548-3.942v-8.505h3.687v15.42h.07Zm3.095-15.42h3.479c0 .657 0 1.314-.035 2.04.661-1.21 2.052-2.559 4.835-2.524 5.043.034 6.017 3.872 6.017 6.604v9.3h-3.687v-8.367c0-2.316-.765-4.08-3.374-4.08-2.608.035-3.513 1.764-3.513 3.942v8.505h-3.687v-15.42h-.035Zm33.219 15.42h-3.548v-2.213c-.661 1.141-2.157 2.697-5.322 2.697-4.766 0-7.861-3.7-7.861-8.194 0-5.013 3.582-8.16 7.791-8.16 2.957 0 4.626 1.556 5.183 2.455v-7.364h3.687v20.78h.07Zm-13.009-7.745c0 2.628 1.878 4.737 4.73 4.737 1.357 0 2.574-.518 3.444-1.417a4.467 4.467 0 0 0 1.321-3.423c0-1.349-.521-2.49-1.391-3.32-.835-.83-2.017-1.348-3.374-1.348-2.991.035-4.73 2.351-4.73 4.771Z" fill="#03C"/><path d="M54.942 50.964c5.913-1.728 12.418-1.383 19.862 1.107 0-.035 0-.035.034-.07 1.879-4.978 2.714-10.199 2.435-15.489a4.255 4.255 0 0 1-.591-.242c-4.174-1.556-8.383-2.386-12.522-2.455-8.348-.138-15.827 2.8-21.635 8.54a356.89 356.89 0 0 0-3.618 3.665c-4.522 4.668-9.183 9.474-15.13 12.69-2.714 1.451-5.775 2.454-8.836 2.938 6.992 2.282 14.853 1.97 21.357-.934 2.47-1.106 4.905-2.627 7.27-4.08 3.548-2.143 7.166-4.425 11.374-5.67Z" fill="#093"/><path d="M69.03 14.66c-6.227-.622-11.549-.31-16.244.934-6.296 1.66-12.175 5.256-16.523 10.096-3.234 3.596-5.739 8.021-8.174 12.274-1.008 1.798-2.052 3.63-3.165 5.428-4.07 6.604-8.244 11.064-12.904 13.796 2.608-.07 5.843-.726 9.46-2.662 5.253-2.836 9.67-7.365 13.914-11.756 1.217-1.245 2.47-2.558 3.722-3.769 6.748-6.672 15.444-10.095 25.113-9.923 4.07.07 8.244.796 12.383 2.179A38.131 38.131 0 0 0 69.03 14.66Z" fill="#A1E214"/><path d="M2.489 24.826C-1.268 34.68-.746 45.709 3.88 55.182a21.747 21.747 0 0 0 2.783-.795c5.148-1.901 9.635-6.223 14.122-13.519 1.078-1.728 2.087-3.526 3.096-5.29 2.539-4.494 5.182-9.127 8.765-13.103 4.974-5.532 11.687-9.647 18.887-11.548 3.861-1.003 8-1.487 12.627-1.383A37.921 37.921 0 0 0 52.334 2.49C32.403-5.012 10.037 5.014 2.489 24.826Z" fill="#3CF"/><path d="M46.142 60.75c-2.504 1.555-5.078 3.145-7.826 4.39-8.105 3.63-17.67 3.873-26.157.692-.314-.139-.661-.242-.974-.38a38.712 38.712 0 0 0 13.844 8.92c18.33 6.88 38.679-.796 47.792-17.876-6.296-2.04-11.687-2.316-16.487-.899-3.583 1.038-6.783 3.043-10.192 5.152Z" fill="#03C"/> </svg> <svg class="site-logo logomark" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 115 109" fill="none"><title>Environmental Defense Fund Logo (Mark Only)</title> <path d="M59.1239 108.979C89.2314 108.434 101.693 89.0581 108.242 78.6888C89.5491 70.5629 77.1319 78.8423 67.3412 85.3704L67.1283 85.5123C49.4458 99.9202 28.6525 96.9736 16.373 92.88C31.1084 105.979 41.117 109.305 59.1239 108.979Z" fill="#0033CC"/> <path d="M61.3972 60.9059C43.0598 83.1727 27.0146 89.2852 21.2842 89.5581C45.8432 96.1063 58.9413 87.1013 68.7649 78.0963C81.863 68.9276 103.148 72.3659 110.515 74.8218C113.135 69.5825 114.336 57.3582 114.608 51.901C87.7572 40.7675 67.9463 53.2653 61.3972 60.9059Z" fill="#009933"/> <path d="M50.7551 63.5982C37.0021 81.2807 23.1944 84.6098 18.0098 84.0641C27.8334 80.1351 39.5671 60.0504 44.206 50.4992C57.3042 21.0284 87.8665 18.0267 101.51 20.2097C108.059 24.7941 112.971 39.0389 114.608 45.5883C82.5181 33.8 58.6686 52.6831 50.7551 63.5982Z" fill="#A1E214"/> <path d="M35.0477 56.2427C26.534 74.5801 11.3075 82.4403 5.57702 83.259C-9.97719 48.8766 9.67013 16.95 31.7735 5.48874C57.9695 -5.97347 85.8032 2.21391 96.4453 14.4938C61.7353 11.2192 41.5968 40.4158 35.0477 56.2427Z" fill="#33CCFF"/> </svg> </a></div><ul class="c-site-nav__list topnav-verticals" id="TopnavVerticals"><li class="c-site-nav__item vertical"> <a class="c-site-nav__item--link" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.edf.org/our-work"> <button role="link" class="c-site-nav__button vertical-click vertical-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="our-work"> <span>Our work</span> </button> </a></li><li class="c-site-nav__item vertical"> <a class="c-site-nav__item--link" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.edf.org/impact"> <button role="link" class="c-site-nav__button vertical-click vertical-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="our-impact"> <span>Our impact</span> </button> </a></li><li class="c-site-nav__item vertical"> <a class="c-site-nav__item--link" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.edf.org/about"> <button role="link" class="c-site-nav__button vertical-click vertical-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="about-us"> <span>About us</span> </button> </a></li><li class="c-site-nav__item vertical"> <a class="c-site-nav__item--link" tabindex="-1" href="https://www.edf.org/get-involved"> <button role="link" class="c-site-nav__button vertical-click vertical-toggle" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="get-involved"> <span>Get involved</span> </button> </a></li><li class="search-form-holder hide"><form class="topnav-search-form form-subscribed-to" id="TopnavSearchForm"> <input type="search" placeholder="Search this site..." id="TopnavSearchFormInput"> <button type="submit" id="TopnavSearchFormSubmit">GO</button></form></li></ul><div class="donate-and-search"> <input type="hidden" class="starter-form_js" data-top_nav="true" data-onetime="35,50,100,500,other" data-recurring="10,15,25,50,other" data-default_selection="0" /> <a class="c-site-nav__link c-site-nav__donate" href="https://edf.org/donate/"> <span class="c-site-nav__donate--text">Donate</span> </a> <button class="search hide" id="DesktopSearchButton" aria-controls="TopnavSearchForm" aria-expanded="false"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none"><title>Magnifying Glass</title> <path fill="#1332C3" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.94 8.25a6.75 6.75 0 1 1-13.5 0 6.75 6.75 0 0 1 13.5 0Zm-1.438 6.312a8.25 8.25 0 1 1 1.055-1.066L21 18.94 19.94 20l-5.438-5.438Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </button></div></header><main id="content" class="row content" role="main"><div class="pageWidth"><div class="column content-wrapper clearfix" id="contentArea"><div class="column breadcrumbs"><div class="region region-content-top"><div id="block-breadcrumbs"><nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"><h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2><ol><li><a href="https://www.edf.org/" title="EDF Home">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.edf.org/blogs" title="EDF Blogs">Blogs</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411" title="Climate 411">Climate 411</a></li><li>New York is poised to elevate its climate leadersh...</li></ol></nav></div></div></div><div class="column content-intro" id="pageIntro"><h1 class="entry-title">New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious cap-and-invest program</h1></div><div class="content-primary content-primary-col2" id="contentColumn"><div class="region region-content"><div id="nav-above" class="navigation"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/13/rising-above-the-storm-tran…; rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav">«</span> Rising Above the Storm: Transforming My Super Typhoon Experience Into Action</a></div><div class="nav-next"></div></div><div id="post-23363" class="post-23363 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-carbon-markets category-cities-and-states category-economics category-energy-technologies category-greenhouse-gas-emissions category-health category-policy category-science" ><div class="entry-meta"> <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">By </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/author/kcourtin/" title="View all posts by Kate Courtin" rel="author">Kate Courtin</a></span> <span class="meta-sep meta-sep-entry-date"> / </span> <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-entry-date">Published: </span><span class="entry-date"><abbr class="published" title="2023-07-24T13:29:21-0500">July 24, 2023</abbr></span></div><div class="entry-content"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons" ></div><p><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-… decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-23364" src="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//NYS-Gap-…; alt="" width="1200" height="630" srcset="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/NYS-Gap-2… 1200w, https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/NYS-Gap-2… 300w, https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/NYS-Gap-2… 1024w, https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/NYS-Gap-2… 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></a></p><p><em>This blog was co-authored by <a href="https://www.edf.org/people/alex-degolia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alex DeGolia</a>, Director, U.S. Climate.</em></p><p>As Governor Hochul and her administration advance a major cap-and-invest program, a <a href="https://www.edf.org/report-turning-climate-commitments-results" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new EDF analysis</a> on state emissions <strong>reveals how New York’s progress stacks up against its climate goals</strong>.</p><p>New York has done more to move from pledges to policy than most states, but our analysis finds that the state is still projected to face an “<strong>emissions gap</strong>” in 2030 — the gap between where emissions are headed under existing policy and where New York needs to be to reach its targets. <strong>While New York is not alone in facing an emissions gap, the state stands out for the concerted actions New York policymakers are taking to close this gap.</strong></p><p>After finalizing New York’s climate plan late last year, Governor Hochul, state agency officials — led by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and NYS Energy and Research Development Authority (NYSERDA) — and New York legislators are diving in and actively working to implement the plan’s recommendations. Notable among these is the development of a <strong>cap-and-invest program</strong> — <strong>a policy that can serve as a critical emissions backstop, offering maximum certainty that New York will reach its climate targets</strong>. Just as importantly, the Administration has expressed its commitment to put equity, job creation, and affordability at the center of the program — and it must deliver on this commitment as the program advances.</p><p>This is exactly the type of action that other states serious about reaching their climate goals should be taking.</p><p><strong>Here’s what to know about the analysis and New York’s climate policy leadership.</strong></p><p><span id="more-23363"></span></p><h3>What does the emissions gap analysis show?</h3><p>To understand progress made by New York and other states that have made greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction commitments (“leadership states”) as part of the U.S. Climate Alliance or through state policies, EDF conducted an analysis based on data from Rhodium Group comparing business-as-usual (BAU) emissions projections to state’s commitments. These estimates are used to evaluate the emissions “gap” — the delta between state commitments and projected emissions — through 2030. Critically, these estimates include projected emission reductions associated with all state policies in place as of June 2022 and include GHG abatement expected from both the federal Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).</p><p>New York, like other leadership states, has a gap to close to limit emissions by 2030 in line with its climate law — the <a href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ENV/75-0109" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA)</a> — and the <a href="https://usclimatealliance.org/press-releases/alliance-2050-net-zero-com…; target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Nationally Determined Contribution</a>. <strong>According to our analysis, New York is projected to reduce emissions between 28% to 35% by 2030 from 1990 levels, compared to the CLCPA target of a 40% reduction by 2030.*</strong></p><div id="attachment_23372" style="width: 986px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//ny-1.jpg… aria-describedby="caption-attachment-23372" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-23372 size-full" src="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//ny-1.jpg…; alt="" width="976" height="488" srcset="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/ny-1.jpg 976w, https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/ny-1-300x… 300w, https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/ny-1-768x… 768w" sizes="(max-width: 976px) 100vw, 976px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-23372" class="wp-caption-text">New York Economy-Wide GHG Emissions and Targets*</p></div><p>New York and other leadership states have made important progress but have work yet to do. <strong>What’s more, if these states collectively achieve their emission reduction targets, they could close the national gap to reaching the U.S. NDC by nearly half in 2030, bringing the U.S. significantly closer to its Paris Agreement commitment.</strong></p><p>While it is no small challenge to be a state leading the clean energy transition, and we need all states and jurisdictions on board, action in these leadership states is critical and impactful in the global race to address climate change. With the passage of the IRA and IIJA, the opportunity for states to meet their commitments at lower cost while delivering benefits to local communities has never been greater.</p><p>Through past policy leadership and further action now underway, New York is setting itself apart as a state taking the necessary strides to cut emissions and realize this opportunity.</p><h3>How is New York working to close its emissions gap?</h3><p>Through the CLCPA and other policies, NY has been a leader in climate ambition paired with actions to address local air pollution in overburdened and underserved communities and ensure the clean energy transition delivers environmental and economic benefits to those communities.</p><p>On the path to implementing the CLCPA, the state completed a rigorous, multi-year stakeholder and public input process to develop its climate plan, known as the <a href="https://climate.ny.gov/Resources/Scoping-Plan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scoping Plan</a>, finalized at the end of 2022. Included among the Scoping Plan’s recommendations is the creation of an economy-wide cap-and-invest program. Such a program would go a long way to closing New York’s emissions gap by enforcing strict limits on GHG emissions across New York’s economy and serving as a backstop to ensure emissions decline in line with those limits.</p><p><strong>How it works:</strong> DEC would set an overall cap on emissions that declines each year on track to the CLCPA targets. Major polluters would then pay for allowances equal to their total GHG emissions in that year. Once all allowances have been purchased, no more would be issued for that year, ensuring that polluters in the state could not emit more GHGs than the quantity set by the state. Revenue raised from the sale of allowances would in turn be invested in the clean energy transition — with at least 35%, with a goal of 40%, of the benefits directed to disadvantaged communities (DACs), as required by the CLCPA. A portion of revenue would also be returned to New Yorkers, particularly those most burdened by energy costs, to keep the transition affordable.</p><p>This type of policy, paired with sector-specific policies and strategies like NY’s Clean Energy Standard and recently passed <a href="https://www.edf.org/media/governor-hochul-legislators-advance-important…; target="_blank" rel="noopener">building electrification requirements</a>, can drive deep emissions reductions and maximize certainty that NY is able to achieve its climate commitments. As New York embarks on the process to develop this program, the state has an opportunity to raise the bar for its climate ambition and ensure benefits for disadvantaged communities are built into the program from the outset.</p><p>A successful and carefully-designed cap-and-invest program could deliver the following benefits:</p><ol><li><strong>Maximize climate ambition:</strong> A well-designed cap-and-invest program establishes a <strong>stringent emissions cap</strong> that serves as a backstop to reaching NY’s emissions targets, declining at least on a linear trajectory to those targets. The cap should cover as many major polluters and sectors as feasible and require swift, persistent emissions reductions. In addition to keeping NY on track to its point-in-time 2030 and 2050 targets, this approach would also cut cumulative pollution with year-over-year limits, essential to preventing the most damaging long-term climate impacts. With a <strong>regular, comprehensive, and transparent review process</strong>, the program could be adjusted as necessary over-time to ensure it is working as intended to keep New York on track to meet its emissions limits and deliver benefits to disadvantaged communities.</li><li><strong>Deliver equitable benefits to communities:</strong> In addition to direct and substantial investments of revenue, the program can and must be designed with <strong>targeted measures to ensure climate and air pollution reductions are prioritized in disadvantaged communities</strong>. One mechanism that could support this is limiting or capping pollution for specific facilities that contribute to cumulative pollution burdens in those communities.</li><li><strong>Facilitate least-cost emissions reductions and support affordability:</strong> By providing a consistent price signal for reducing GHG emissions, the program would ensure that no cost-effective reduction opportunity is missed, helping to reduce the overall cost of achieving the CLCPA targets. If <strong>designed to allow for <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2022/07/20/why-linking-carbon-markets-…; target="_blank" rel="noopener">linking with other existing carbon markets</a></strong>, each jurisdiction’s access to low-cost emission reduction opportunities would support greater pollution reduction on a faster timeline. Delivering these lower-cost emissions reductions helps ensure the most affordable path toward achieving CLCPA targets. The program would also support affordability by returning revenue to consumers and using revenue to help households and businesses switch to cleaner technologies.</li><li><strong>Accelerate development of clean industries and jobs:</strong> By putting a price on climate pollution, the program would incentivize and unlock significant private investment in clean technologies and job-creating industries in NY, accelerating a transition that is already well underway in the state. For industries where decarbonization poses a greater challenge in the near-term — those that are energy-intensive and trade-exposed — New York can adopt proven models that encourage maximum emission reductions while ensuring New York businesses remain competitive.</li></ol><p>No doubt, there is much work to be done to develop an effective and equitable cap-and-invest program in New York, and to implement and strengthen sector-specific policies to cut climate pollution and protect communities at the pace required. Together with major new climate federal investments in place, New York has a golden opportunity to lower health-harming pollution, unleash clean energy jobs and drive our national progress forward.</p><p><strong>With a consistent track record of climate action and efforts now underway to advance a cap-and-invest program, it is clear that Governor Hochul and NY leaders are up to the challenge and meeting opportunity with action. New York is taking the necessary steps to close its emissions gap and is well-positioned to strengthen its role as a national and global climate leader capable of achieving a safer and more just future.</strong></p><p>—</p><ul><li><em>Read EDF’s recommendations to NYS agencies on the design of the cap-and-invest program <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files//EDF-Prel…; target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</em></li><li><em>Read the full state emissions gap analysis <a href="https://www.edf.org/report-turning-climate-commitments-results" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</em></li><li><em>Learn more about New York’s cap-and-invest program <a href="https://capandinvest.ny.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a></em>.</li></ul><p>* = <em>EDF’s analysis is based on Rhodium Group’s U.S. Climate Service, which reports emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent based on the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (AR4) 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values and accounting consistent with the EPA GHG Inventory. The 28% to 35% reduction range reflects Rhodium’s “low” and “high” emissions scenarios, based on a variety of factors such as macroeconomic conditions, clean energy technology prices, and natural gas prices. Under the CLCPA requirements, NY’s accounting framework uses GWP 20-year values and includes emissions from imported electricity and fossil fuels. While GHG emissions totals and the size of the emissions gap would vary using CLCPA-consistent accounting, the conclusion holds that New York has a gap to its emissions target requiring additional policy.</em></p><div class="wp_rp_wrap wp_rp_plain" id="wp_rp_first"><div class="wp_rp_content"><h3 class="related_post_title">Related Posts</h3><ul class="related_post wp_rp"><li data-position="0" data-poid="ex-in_23162" data-post-type="own_sourcefeed" ><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/04/26/new-york-lawmakers-have-a-c…; class="wp_rp_title">New York lawmakers have a chance to lead on climate. They must take it.</a></li><li data-position="1" data-poid="ex-in_23244" data-post-type="own_sourcefeed" ><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/06/01/the-lowdown-on-linkage-why-…; class="wp_rp_title">The lowdown on linkage: Why Washington and California should link their carbon markets</a></li><li data-position="2" data-poid="ex-in_22544" data-post-type="own_sourcefeed" ><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2022/07/20/why-linking-carbon-markets-…; class="wp_rp_title">Why linking carbon markets boosts climate and economic benefits for US states</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="entry-utility"> <span class="cat-links">This entry was posted in <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/carbon-markets/" rel="category tag">Carbon Markets</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/cities-and-states/" rel="category tag">Cities and states</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/economics/" rel="category tag">Economics</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/energy-technologies/" rel="category tag">Energy</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/greenhouse-gas-emissions/" rel="category tag">Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/health/" rel="category tag">Health</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/policy/" rel="category tag">Policy</a>, <a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/category/science/" rel="category tag">Science</a></span>. Bookmark the <a title="Permalink to New York is poised to elevate its climate leadership with ambitious cap-and-invest program" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/24/new-york-is-poised-to-eleva…;. <a class="comment-link" title="Post a comment" href="#respond">Post a comment</a> or leave a trackback: <a class="trackback-link" href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/24/new-york-is-poised-to-eleva…; title ="Trackback URL for your post" rel="trackback">Trackback URL</a>.</div></div><div id="nav-below" class="navigation"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2023/07/13/rising-above-the-storm-tran…; rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav">«</span> Rising Above the Storm: Transforming My Super Typhoon Experience Into Action</a></div><div class="nav-next"></div></div><div id="comments"><div id="respond" class="comment-respond"><h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Post a Comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/climate411/2023/07/24/new-york-is-poised-to-elevate-its-climate-leadership-with-ambitious-cap-and-invest-program/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"><p class="comment-notes">Your email is <em>never</em> published nor shared. Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></p><div id="form-section-comment" class="form-section"><div class="form-label"><label for="comment">Comment</label></div><div class="form-textarea"><textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" tabindex="6" aria-required="true"></textarea></div></div><div id="form-allowed-tags" class="form-section"><p><span>You may use these <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr> tags and attributes</span> <code><a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <s> <strike> <strong> </code></p></div><div id="form-section-author" class="form-section"><div class="form-label"><label for="author">Name</label> <span class="required">*</span></div><div class="form-input"><input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="20" tabindex="3" aria-required='true' /></div></div><div id="form-section-email" class="form-section"><div class="form-label"><label for="email">Email</label> <span class="required">*</span></div><div class="form-input"><input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="50" tabindex="4" aria-required='true' /></div></div><div id="form-section-url" class="form-section"><div class="form-label"><label for="url">Website</label></div><div class="form-input"><input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="50" tabindex="5" /></div></div><p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes" /> <label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.</label></p><p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='23363' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /></p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="504a1a6d0d" /></p><p style="display: none !important;"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="95"/><script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,ZG9jdW1lbnQuZ2V0RWxlbWVudEJ5SWQoICJha19qc18xIiApLnNldEF0dHJpYnV0ZSggInZhbHVlIiwgKCBuZXcgRGF0ZSgpICkuZ2V0VGltZSgpICk7"></script></p></form></div></div><div class="clear"></div></div></div><aside class="content-secondary aside-third aside-sub aside" role="complementary" id="sideColumn"><div class="region region-sidebar-second"><div class="card-box"><div class="card-box-content"><ul class="xoxo"><li id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widgetcontainer widget_custom_html"><h4>About this blog</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div class="about"> <img src="/climate411/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2013/11/Climate411logo.jpg" width="100% /"> Expert to expert commentary on the science, law and economics of global climate change and clean air. Looking for Climate Talks? <a href="/climatetalks/page/2/">Check out its archives here</a>.</div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><aside class="content-secondary aside-third aside-sub aside" role="complementary" id="sideColumn"><div class="region region-sidebar-second"><div class="card-box"><div class="card-box-content"><ul class="xoxo"><li id="search-2" class="widgetcontainer widget_search"><h4><label for="s">Search</label></h4><form id="searchform" method="get" action="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/"><div> <input id="s" name="s" type="text" placeholder="Search terms" size="32" tabindex="1" /> <input id="searchsubmit" name="searchsubmit" type="submit" value="Search" tabindex="2" /></div></form></li><li id="text-7" class="widgetcontainer widget_text"><div class="textwidget"><script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCkgewoJd2luZG93Lm1jNHdwID0gd2luZG93Lm1jNHdwIHx8IHsKCQlsaXN0ZW5lcnM6IFtdLAoJCWZvcm1zOiB7CgkJCW9uOiBmdW5jdGlvbihldnQsIGNiKSB7CgkJCQl3aW5kb3cubWM0d3AubGlzdGVuZXJzLnB1c2goCgkJCQkJewoJCQkJCQlldmVudCAgIDogZXZ0LAoJCQkJCQljYWxsYmFjazogY2IKCQkJCQl9CgkJCQkpOwoJCQl9CgkJfQoJfQp9KSgpOwo="></script><form id="mc4wp-form-1" class="mc4wp-form mc4wp-form-17391" method="post" data-id="17391" data-name="" ><div class="mc4wp-form-fields"><div class="MCsignup"><h3>Get new posts by email</h3><p>We'll deliver new blog posts to your inbox.</p><p> <input type="email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Your email address" required /> <input type="submit" value="Sign up" /></p><p><a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/environmentaldefense/climate411"><img src="https://www.edf.org/themes/edf/images/rss.gif" class="icon rss">Subscribe via RSS</a></p></div></div><label style="display: none !important;">Leave this field empty if you're human: <input type="text" name="_mc4wp_honeypot" value="" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" /></label><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_timestamp" value="1690224433" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_id" value="17391" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_element_id" value="mc4wp-form-1" /><div class="mc4wp-response"></div></form></div></li><li id="categories-2" class="widgetcontainer widget_categories"><h4>Categories</h4><form action="https://blogs.edf.org/climate411" method="get"><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Categories</label><select name='cat' id='cat' class='postform'><option value='-1'>Select Category</option><option class="level-0" value="234">Agriculture</option><option class="level-0" value="4249">Aviation</option><option class="level-0" value="37343">Brazil</option><option class="level-0" value="200">California</option><option class="level-0" value="71676">Carbon Markets</option><option class="level-0" value="4020">Cars and Pollution</option><option class="level-0" value="107925">Cities and states</option><option class="level-0" value="4025">Clean Power Plan</option><option class="level-0" value="107926">COP 25</option><option class="level-0" value="43">Economics</option><option class="level-0" value="116">Energy</option><option class="level-0" value="107916">Forest protection</option><option class="level-0" value="202">Greenhouse Gas Emissions</option><option class="level-0" value="8">Health</option><option class="level-0" value="107917">Indigenous People</option><option class="level-0" value="107931">Innovation</option><option class="level-0" value="307">Jobs</option><option class="level-1" value="366"> Green Jobs</option><option class="level-0" value="4028">Latino partnerships</option><option class="level-0" value="4866">Mexico</option><option class="level-0" value="20">News</option><option class="level-0" value="99544">Paris Agreement</option><option class="level-0" value="115">Partners for Change</option><option class="level-0" value="44">Policy</option><option class="level-1" value="4017"> Clean Air Act</option><option class="level-1" value="108"> Climate Change Legislation</option><option class="level-1" value="4024"> EPA litgation</option><option class="level-1" value="109"> International</option><option class="level-1" value="7998"> Smog</option><option class="level-0" value="91793">Pruitt</option><option class="level-0" value="828">REDD+</option><option class="level-0" value="42">Science</option><option class="level-1" value="100"> Arctic & Antarctic</option><option class="level-1" value="95"> Basic Science of Global Warming</option><option class="level-1" value="52"> Extreme Weather</option><option class="level-1" value="107"> Geoengineering</option><option class="level-1" value="38"> Oceans</option><option class="level-1" value="101"> Plants & Animals</option><option class="level-0" value="397">Setting the Facts Straight</option><option class="level-0" value="107927">Shipping</option><option class="level-0" value="46599">United Nations</option><option class="level-0" value="99">What Others are Saying</option> </select></form> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,Ci8qIDwhW0NEQVRBWyAqLwooZnVuY3Rpb24oKSB7Cgl2YXIgZHJvcGRvd24gPSBkb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50QnlJZCggImNhdCIgKTsKCWZ1bmN0aW9uIG9uQ2F0Q2hhbmdlKCkgewoJCWlmICggZHJvcGRvd24ub3B0aW9uc1sgZHJvcGRvd24uc2VsZWN0ZWRJbmRleCBdLnZhbHVlID4gMCApIHsKCQkJZHJvcGRvd24ucGFyZW50Tm9kZS5zdWJtaXQoKTsKCQl9Cgl9Cglkcm9wZG93bi5vbmNoYW5nZSA9IG9uQ2F0Q2hhbmdlOwp9KSgpOwovKiBdXT4gKi8K"></script> </li></ul></div></div></div></aside></div></div></main><footer class="site-footer" role="navigation"><div class="inner"><div class="first-columns"><div class="column branding-column"> <a href="/"> <img class="site-logo desktop-logo" src="https://www.edf.org/themes/edf2020/images/optimized/site-logo--footer.s…; alt="Environmental Defense Fund Logo"> <img class="site-logo mobile-logo" src="https://www.edf.org/themes/edf2020/images/optimized/site-logo--footer.s…; alt="Environmental Defense Fund logo (mark only)"> </a></div><div class="column link-column"><dl><dt>About EDF</dt><dd><ul><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/diversity">Commitment to diversity</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/environmental-careers">Careers</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/our-offices">Offices</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div><… class="column link-column"><dl><dt>Resources</dt><dd><ul><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/updates">News and updates</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/resources">Reports and publications</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/media">For the media</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div><div class="column link-column"><dl><dt>Members</dt><dd><ul><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/donate">Become a member</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/action">Take action</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.edf.org/contact-us">Contact us</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div><div class="second-columns"><ul class="social-networks"><li> <a href="https://twitter.com/envdefensefund" title="Twitter"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Twitter</title><path d="M23.953 4.57a10 10 0 01-2.825.775 4.958 4.958 0 002.163-2.723c-.951.555-2.005.959-3.127 1.184a4.92 4.92 0 00-8.384 4.482C7.69 8.095 4.067 6.13 1.64 3.162a4.822 4.822 0 00-.666 2.475c0 1.71.87 3.213 2.188 4.096a4.904 4.904 0 01-2.228-.616v.06a4.923 4.923 0 003.946 4.827 4.996 4.996 0 01-2.212.085 4.936 4.936 0 004.604 3.417 9.867 9.867 0 01-6.102 2.105c-.39 0-.779-.023-1.17-.067a13.995 13.995 0 007.557 2.209c9.053 0 13.998-7.496 13.998-13.985 0-.21 0-.42-.015-.63A9.935 9.935 0 0024 4.59z"></path></svg> </a></li><li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/environmental-defense" title="LinkedIn"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>LinkedIn</title><path d="M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85 3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433c-1.144 0-2.063-.926-2.063-2.065 0-1.138.92-2.063 2.063-2.063 1.14 0 2.064.925 2.064 2.063 0 1.139-.925 2.065-2.064 2.065zm1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564v11.452zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0h.003z"></path></svg> </a></li><li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/environmental_defense_fund" title="Instagram"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Instagram</title><path d="M12 0C8.74 0 8.333.015 7.053.072 5.775.132 4.905.333 4.14.63c-.789.306-1.459.717-2.126 1.384S.935 3.35.63 4.14C.333 4.905.131 5.775.072 7.053.012 8.333 0 8.74 0 12s.015 3.667.072 4.947c.06 1.277.261 2.148.558 2.913.306.788.717 1.459 1.384 2.126.667.666 1.336 1.079 2.126 1.384.766.296 1.636.499 2.913.558C8.333 23.988 8.74 24 12 24s3.667-.015 4.947-.072c1.277-.06 2.148-.262 2.913-.558.788-.306 1.459-.718 2.126-1.384.666-.667 1.079-1.335 1.384-2.126.296-.765.499-1.636.558-2.913.06-1.28.072-1.687.072-4.947s-.015-3.667-.072-4.947c-.06-1.277-.262-2.149-.558-2.913-.306-.789-.718-1.459-1.384-2.126C21.319 1.347 20.651.935 19.86.63c-.765-.297-1.636-.499-2.913-.558C15.667.012 15.26 0 12 0zm0 2.16c3.203 0 3.585.016 4.85.071 1.17.055 1.805.249 2.227.415.562.217.96.477 1.382.896.419.42.679.819.896 1.381.164.422.36 1.057.413 2.227.057 1.266.07 1.646.07 4.85s-.015 3.585-.074 4.85c-.061 1.17-.256 1.805-.421 2.227-.224.562-.479.96-.899 1.382-.419.419-.824.679-1.38.896-.42.164-1.065.36-2.235.413-1.274.057-1.649.07-4.859.07-3.211 0-3.586-.015-4.859-.074-1.171-.061-1.816-.256-2.236-.421-.569-.224-.96-.479-1.379-.899-.421-.419-.69-.824-.9-1.38-.165-.42-.359-1.065-.42-2.235-.045-1.26-.061-1.649-.061-4.844 0-3.196.016-3.586.061-4.861.061-1.17.255-1.814.42-2.234.21-.57.479-.96.9-1.381.419-.419.81-.689 1.379-.898.42-.166 1.051-.361 2.221-.421 1.275-.045 1.65-.06 4.859-.06l.045.03zm0 3.678c-3.405 0-6.162 2.76-6.162 6.162 0 3.405 2.76 6.162 6.162 6.162 3.405 0 6.162-2.76 6.162-6.162 0-3.405-2.76-6.162-6.162-6.162zM12 16c-2.21 0-4-1.79-4-4s1.79-4 4-4 4 1.79 4 4-1.79 4-4 4zm7.846-10.405c0 .795-.646 1.44-1.44 1.44-.795 0-1.44-.646-1.44-1.44 0-.794.646-1.439 1.44-1.439.793-.001 1.44.645 1.44 1.439z"></path> </svg> </a></li><li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/EnvDefenseFund" title="Facebook"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M24 12.073c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.99 4.388 10.954 10.125 11.854v-8.385H7.078v-3.47h3.047V9.43c0-3.007 1.792-4.669 4.533-4.669 1.312 0 2.686.235 2.686.235v2.953H15.83c-1.491 0-1.956.925-1.956 1.874v2.25h3.328l-.532 3.47h-2.796v8.385C19.612 23.027 24 18.062 24 12.073z"></path></svg> </a></li><li> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@envdefensefund" title="TikTok"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>TikTok</title><path d="M12.525.02c1.31-.02 2.61-.01 3.91-.02.08 1.53.63 3.09 1.75 4.17 1.12 1.11 2.7 1.62 4.24 1.79v4.03c-1.44-.05-2.89-.35-4.2-.97-.57-.26-1.1-.59-1.62-.93-.01 2.92.01 5.84-.02 8.75-.08 1.4-.54 2.79-1.35 3.94-1.31 1.92-3.58 3.17-5.91 3.21-1.43.08-2.86-.31-4.08-1.03-2.02-1.19-3.44-3.37-3.65-5.71-.02-.5-.03-1-.01-1.49.18-1.9 1.12-3.72 2.58-4.96 1.66-1.44 3.98-2.13 6.15-1.72.02 1.48-.04 2.96-.04 4.44-.99-.32-2.15-.23-3.02.37-.63.41-1.11 1.04-1.36 1.75-.21.51-.15 1.07-.14 1.61.24 1.64 1.82 3.02 3.5 2.87 1.12-.01 2.19-.66 2.77-1.61.19-.33.4-.67.41-1.06.1-1.79.06-3.57.07-5.36.01-4.03-.01-8.05.02-12.07z"></path></svg> </a></li></ul><div class="copyright"><p><a href="https://www.edf.org/about/this-site/copyright">Copyright © 2023</a> Environmental Defense Fund. All Rights Reserved. <a href="//www.edf.org/privacy-statement">Privacy statement.</a></p><p>Environmental Defense Fund is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. Tax identification number 11-6107128.</p><p>EDF operates with the highest <a href="//www.edf.org/ethical-conduct">standards of ethics</a> and open, honest communication. Read our whistleblower policy or report a concern through our <a href="https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/53082/index.html">co…, third-party compliance site</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="siteinfo"></div></footer></div> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCkge2Z1bmN0aW9uIG1heWJlUHJlZml4VXJsRmllbGQgKCkgewogIGNvbnN0IHZhbHVlID0gdGhpcy52YWx1ZS50cmltKCkKICBpZiAodmFsdWUgIT09ICcnICYmIHZhbHVlLmluZGV4T2YoJ2h0dHAnKSAhPT0gMCkgewogICAgdGhpcy52YWx1ZSA9ICdodHRwOi8vJyArIHZhbHVlCiAgfQp9Cgpjb25zdCB1cmxGaWVsZHMgPSBkb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yQWxsKCcubWM0d3AtZm9ybSBpbnB1dFt0eXBlPSJ1cmwiXScpCmZvciAobGV0IGogPSAwOyBqIDwgdXJsRmllbGRzLmxlbmd0aDsgaisrKSB7CiAgdXJsRmllbGRzW2pdLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXIoJ2JsdXInLCBtYXliZVByZWZpeFVybEZpZWxkKQp9Cn0pKCk7"></script><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/defa…; type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-embed-video-container-css' href='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/plugins/simple-embed-code/c…; type='text/css' media='all' /> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ve…; id='comment-reply-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='hoverIntent-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='superfish-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='supersubs-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='thematic-dropdowns-js'></script> <script defer type='text/javascript' src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='akismet-frontend-js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='https://blogs.edf.org/climate411/wp-content/uploads/autoptimize/7/js/au…; id='mc4wp-forms-api-js'></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CiAgICBqUXVlcnlPbkxvYWQoZnVuY3Rpb24oKXsKICAgICAgICBsb2FkQXNzZXRzKFsKICAgICAgICAgIEhOLmluZGV4T2YoIndwZGV2IikgPT09IDAgPyAiaHR0cHM6Ly9kdjguZWRmLm9yZy90aGVtZXMvZWRmL2pzL2VkZi10aGVtZS1jb21iaW5lZCIrKGlzVGVzdGluZyA/ICIiIDogIi5taW4iKSsiLmpzIiA6ICJodHRwczovL3d3dy5lZGYub3JnL3RoZW1lcy9lZGYvanMvZWRmLXRoZW1lLWNvbWJpbmVkLm1pbi5qcz92PTIwMjMwNzI0MTgiCiAgICAgICAgXSk7CiAgICB9KTsK"></script> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5DC6B7" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,YWRkTG9hZEV2ZW50KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7KGZ1bmN0aW9uKHcsZCxzLGwsaSl7d1tsXT13W2xdfHxbXTt3W2xdLnB1c2goeydndG0uc3RhcnQnOiBuZXcgRGF0ZSgpLmdldFRpbWUoKSxldmVudDonZ3RtLmpzJ30pO3ZhciBmPWQuZ2V0RWxlbWVudHNCeVRhZ05hbWUocylbMF0sIGogPSBkLmNyZWF0ZUVsZW1lbnQocyksZGw9bCE9J2RhdGFMYXllcic/JyZsPScrbDonJztqLmFzeW5jPXRydWU7ai5zcmM9ICcvL3d3dy5nb29nbGV0YWdtYW5hZ2VyLmNvbS9ndG0uanM/aWQ9JytpK2RsO2YucGFyZW50Tm9kZS5pbnNlcnRCZWZvcmUoaixmKTsKfSkod2luZG93LGRvY3VtZW50LCdzY3JpcHQnLCdkYXRhTGF5ZXInLCdHVE0tNURDNkI3Jyk7fSk7"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,dmFyICQgPSBqUXVlcnk7"></script> <script defer src="https://www.edf.org/themes/edf2020/js/topnav-actions.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-734c84ee6306c2e79a3","applicationID":"762935400","transactionName":"bgZbZEECCxVWUxJdV1dMeFNHCgoIGEMPWl9VBg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":629,"atts":"QkFYEgkYGBs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body></html>