Cop28 live: UK's net zero secretary absent from the summit - The Guardian

Cop28 live: petrostate Azerbaijan to host next UN climate summit in 2024 | Cop28 | The Guardian

Hello – Ajit here taking over the live blog from my colleague Bibi. Several sources have now confirmed that Azerbaijan will host next year’s UN climate summit.

The quest to find a host for Cop29 was fraught because of war. Under UN rules, it is Eastern Europe’s turn to take over the rotating presidency. But the group must unanimously decide which of the countries does the job. Russia had blocked EU countries from hosting, Azerbaijan and Armenia were blocking each other’s bids, and most of the rest of the group would struggle, onlookers thought, to stump up the money and facilities needed to host such a large conference.

But on Thursday, as one of a handful of concrete steps towards a peace treaty, Armenia and Azerbaijan put out a joint statement that agreed Armenia would withdraw its bid and support Azerbaijan’s. “The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan share the view that there is a historical chance to achieve a long-awaited peace in the region.”
Oil and gas production in Azerbaijan Photograph: Maxim Shipenkov/EPA

Choosing Azerbaijan as a host will do little to quell protests from climate activists that Cops have been partly captured by fossil fuel interests. Much like this year’s host, the country of 10 million people on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia relies heavily on digging up fuels that heat the planet when burned. Oil and gas production accounted for nearly half of the country’s GDP and over 92.5% of its export revenue last year, according to the US government’s International Trade Administration.

Hundreds of delegates gathered in the far corner of the Cop28 B zone amid lots of UN police for a tightly-regulated march for climate justice.

The marchers called for a ceasefire in Gaza and chanted: “Climate justice is a human rights issue.” Among the country officials spotted were delegates from Canada, Sudan, Jordan, Brazil and Sweden.

Asad Rehman, climate justice campaigner and executive director of War on Want, said: “Powerful countries have been pressuring the UN to stop us calling for a ceasefire. But there is no better place than a UN space to call for a ceasefire, when it was at the UN that the world said “never again” to genocide.”
A pro-Palestinian protest at the Cop28 climate summit on Saturday. Photograph: Nina Lakhani/The Guardian

It’s worth noting that in Glasgow – the first time the UN was so heavily criticised for restricting civil society voices – tens of thousands of people marched in cities across the UK to demand climate justice. The UAE does not allow such public dissent and the UN is imposing its own restrictions.

The chant “from the river to the sea, Palestine will be free” – a reference to the land between the Jordan River, which borders eastern Israel, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west – has been banned at the march by the UN. Palestinians claim it is a freedom slogan that rejects Zionism. Israel has called it antisemitic.

Tasneem Essop, who leads the international campaign group Climate Action Network, said the pressure to restrict the protests calling for a ceasefire had not come from the UAE.

On a nature-themed day of Cop, the Guardian can reveal that there are no obligations for English landowners to meet the country’s nature targets.

UK environment secretary Steve Barclay has been making the rounds in Dubai today to champion the UK’s nature commitments. The government has made much of its leadership at the UN Biodiversity Summit Cop15 last year, where world leaders adopted a global “30 by 30” target to protect 30% of nature by 2030.

Ministers have now released England’s framework and terms of reference for how the country will meet the goal. It looks relatively weak, with no obligation for any landowner or land manager to sign up. Considering the majority of English land is privately owned, this is not encouraging. The document states: “New contributions to the 30 by 30 target will be made on a voluntary basis, and there is no obligation on landowners or land managers to participate. Contributing to the 30 by 30 target simply recognises where an area is already being effectively protected and managed for biodiversity conservation.

“Whilst any existing designation requirements (including nature or heritage designations) will continue to apply, new 30 by 30 contributions do not represent any new management requirements or designation. Landowners or land managers will be able to withdraw their contribution at any point if they wish.”

The framework makes it clear that ministers want to pursue a “bottom up” not a “top down” approach and that it is up to landowners to decide whether they want to meet the goal by turning over some of their land voluntarily for nature.

Perhaps they are hoping that the marine environment, which the government has more control over, will offset any lack of progress made on land. The document points out 40% of the oceans around the UK are Marine Protected Areas (though campaigners have said these protections are not worth the paper they are written on).

The government reiterated that it will act to create a new national park and national forests, and that it will be putting biodiversity net gain rules on developers to help meet the goal.

Currently, just 8.5% of England is protected for nature. Given that we only have six years left to meet the 2030 goal, the fact there are no obligations on those who own the land does not bode well. This is made clearer by the fact that almost all of the land that is protected (7.6%) is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) - one of the few types that carries legal protections.

Mary Robinson has met Cop28 president Sultan Al Jaber in Dubai. It is a significant meeting, given that Al Jaber’s ill-tempered responses to the former UN climate envoy shortly before the summit caused uproar when revealed by the Guardian.

The pair agreed that there was “no time to waste delivering an ambitious outcome”, according to a post on X from The Elders, the group chaired by Robinson. The group renewed their call on the countries at Cop28 “to unequivocally commit to phasing out all fossil fuels, tripling renewables and ensuring a just transition”. The issue of a phase out is seen as the most critical single issue at Cop28.

Mary Robinson met #COP28 President Sultan al-Jaber. They agreed on there being no time to waste delivering an ambitious outcome.

Al Jaber had told Robinson on 21 November: “There is no science out there, or no scenario out there, that says that the phase-out of fossil fuel is what’s going to achieve 1.5C.” He also said: “Show me the roadmap for a phase-out of fossil fuel that will allow for sustainable socioeconomic development, unless you want to take the world back into caves.”

He later insisted at an emergency press conference that: “I have said over and over the phase-down and the phase-out of fossil fuel is inevitable. In fact, it is essential.” He also said: “I have incredible respect for Mary Robinson.”

The official Cop28 account on X (formerly Twitter) retweeted the post marking the meeting on Saturday. The account has also retweeted a post from the German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock calling for a fossil fuel phase out, perhaps signalling the Cop28 presidency’s intention to pursue agreement on the goal.

It is not enough to pretend that it‘s possible to phase out fossil emissions. It is about #PhasingOut fossil fuels. We are thankful that here at #COP28 new ambitious alliances are expanding, overcoming old climate divides. It’s about rallying around a common goal together.

Hello – Ajit here taking over the live blog from my colleague Bibi. Several sources have now confirmed that Azerbaijan will host next year’s UN climate summit.

The quest to find a host for Cop29 was fraught because of war. Under UN rules, it is Eastern Europe’s turn to take over the rotating presidency. But the group must unanimously decide which of the countries does the job. Russia had blocked EU countries from hosting, Azerbaijan and Armenia were blocking each other’s bids, and most of the rest of the group would struggle, onlookers thought, to stump up the money and facilities needed to host such a large conference.

But on Thursday, as one of a handful of concrete steps towards a peace treaty, Armenia and Azerbaijan put out a joint statement that agreed Armenia would withdraw its bid and support Azerbaijan’s. “The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan share the view that there is a historical chance to achieve a long-awaited peace in the region.”

Oil and gas production in Azerbaijan Photograph: Maxim Shipenkov/EPA

Choosing Azerbaijan as a host will do little to quell protests from climate activists that Cops have been partly captured by fossil fuel interests. Much like this year’s host, the country of 10 million people on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia relies heavily on digging up fuels that heat the planet when burned. Oil and gas production accounted for nearly half of the country’s GDP and over 92.5% of its export revenue last year, according to the US government’s International Trade Administration.

And also absent from Cop this year is our very own John Vidal, the Guardian’s wonderful environment editor who died in October.
John Vidal up a very high tree at the Newbury bypass protests in the 90s. Photograph: Unknown/The Guardian

John reported on the environment for the Guardian for almost three decades until retiring in 2017, calling it “the greatest job on Earth”. He was an extraordinary journalist, but he was also an extrordinary colleague and friend and we’ve received many affectionate messages and stories about him, and some of the kind things he did.

His colleague, Paul Brown, told this wonderful story about John’s expenses:

Perhaps the best glimpse of his character came one morning in the office when tears were running down his cheeks. Asked what was the matter, he said a couple of months before he had been in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and visited the district with the highest death rate for young children. He had met two women and they told him that it was lack of fresh water that was causing infant mortality on a terrible scale. What they needed was a well, but they had no money to build one.

John said he had had the exact money they needed to build the well in his pocket in Guardian expenses, so he had given it to them with the stipulation that they send him an email when it was done. He was in tears because he had just received it: “Our children are no longer dying. Thank you.”

John, who was always famously behind with his expenses, was later that week chased to explain what he had spent in Bangladesh. At a colleague’s suggestion, he put “drinks for 5,000” and was amazed no one queried it.

And we’ve heard from many other writers and campaigners about his kindness and supportiveness.

We all remember John whisking around the halls of Cop, where he knew absolutely everyone. His long-standing colleague Damian Carrington also remembers how Vidal also often caused “good trouble”.
“His revelation of a leaked draft agreement at the UN climate summit in Copenhagen caused uproar, with developing countries reacting furiously to a text they saw as handing more power to rich nations. He was also imprisoned in the Faroe Islands while reporting on whaling.”

Do send us your memories and stories if you can! Bibi.vanderzee@theguardian.com or Ajit.niranjan@theguardian.com

Am handing over to my colleague Ajit now – thanks for your messages so far!

As the negotiations reach their final days, the Cop28 presidency is working closely with pairs of ministers to forge agreement on the most contentious aspects of the final decision. These negotiations are unusual in key respects: loss and damage was sorted early on, a massive contrast to the Cop27 talks last year in Egypt, when developed and developing countries were deadlocked over the issue until the rich world made a major U-turn in the final days, by agreeing that there could be a new standalone fund for loss and damage, rather than appropriating cash through existing channels.
Participants sit in the shade as they attend day nine of the UNFCCC Cop28 Climate Conference. Photograph: Sean Gallup/Getty Images

Developing countries were, quite reasonably, furious that they had needed to expend so much energy to get that concession. Rich countries appeared at Cop28 to have learned from that chastening experience, and sorted out loss and damage on the very first day, in an attempt at building trust.

But a fund for loss and damage is not the only help developing countries need to cope with the climate crisis. Loss and damage funding is intended for the rescue and rehabilitation of countries stricken by the worst ravages of extreme weather. Separate, but related, is the issue of adaptation – how countries can be made more resilient to extreme weather so that, hopefully, there is less chance they will need to call on the loss and damage fund.

Adaptation has long been a neglected issue at these talks, and developing countries are now angry that rich countries have failed to provide enough funding for it. Most of the $100bn a year in climate finance that is meant to flow to the poor world goes to “mitigation” – helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For several years, poor countries have called for the amount that goes to adaptation to be doubled.

If developed countries want to push forward with their plans for language on a phase out of fossil fuels, they will need to address the issue of adaptation for the poor.

While it may seem there is too little time left to bridge the massive gap between countries on the issue of a fossil fuel phase out, it is also unusual for the talks to have come to such a crunch point with so much negotiating time still to come. There are four days from Saturday to Tuesday, in which much can happen. In terms of bridging the vast gap between countries that want to phase out fossil fuels and countries that do not, this is too little time. But in terms of how the negotiations can go wrong from here, four days is a nail-biting stretch of eternity. The crucial skill in these long desolate hours in windowless, air-conditioned conference rooms will be to keep the phase-out option from being thrown out by the countries opposed to it.
People walk near the Saudi Arabia Pavilion at the United Nations Climate Change Conference Cop28 in Dubai. Photograph: Thaier Al-Sudani/Reuters

All eyes are on Saudi Arabia, which as the Guardian revealed yesterday has been instrumental in trying to gather Opec countries to resist the phase-out calls. The host country, UAE, is a close ally of the Saudis. When the Guardian asked Sultan Al Jaber, Cop president, on the eve of the talks what engagement he expected from the Saudis, he was confident, saying the Saudi government had shown “positivity, engagement, receptive to my cause and my call to actions … towards achieving the most ambitious climate action outcome at Cop28”.

He added: “They have been cooperating and they’re coming with ambition. They have been engaging in a collaborative manner across all climate areas.”

As the talks grind on, Al Jaber’s task is to turn that positivity and engagement into tangible outcomes.

This year there are a few absent faces from the halls of Cop. Saleemul Huq was an extraordinary campaigner on climate change, and a powerful voice for under-represented groups for decades.
Saleemul Huq, a pioneering climate scientist from Bangladesh, during the Cop26 UN Climate Summit in Glasgow. Photograph: Alberto Pezzali/AP

As my colleague Fiona Harvey wrote, he “devoted most of the latter part of a distinguished career to an impassioned fight to have the loss and damage suffered by the world’s poor recognised and remedied. As the founding director from 2009 of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development, in Bangladesh, he was one of the most prominent voices from the developing world on the climate crisis, an adviser to governments and a constant presence at the annual UN climate talks.”

“Huq attended the first “conference of the parties”, in Berlin in 1995, and was one of only a small number of people around the world to have been at every one since.

After years of Cops had produced little movement, Huq began to believe that issues of equity, social justice and the demands of poor countries were being sidelined. He was increasingly frustrated that smaller, developing countries were being taken for granted, or regarded as mere supplicants.

Another problem was that campaigners for economic development in poor countries were often hostile towards environmentalists, seeing their interests as opposed. Development groups felt that climate concerns were a distraction from, or inimical to, the overriding imperative to solve global poverty.

Huq sought to overcome these divisions and demonstrate that the climate crisis could only be solved if social justice, equity, the historical responsibilities of the rich world for their greenhouse gases, and the needs for development in the poor world were all recognised.

Along with other climate experts he began to work on “loss and damage”, which drew together these concerns and demanded that rich countries face up to the fact that the climate crisis was overwhelmingly caused by them, while the brunt of the suffering would be borne by the poorest.

The other day, our eagle-eyed reporter Patrick Greenfield spotted former chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng striding through the Cop complex.

We all wondered what on earth Kwasi, who was at the top of a government which tried to overturn the UK’s fracking ban, could be doing at Cop, and whether the chancellor who crashed the UK economy was a vital part of the negotiating team.

It turns out he is part of the Conservative Environment Network (CEN) group of MPs who have joined the summit in Dubai. After being sacked by then-prime minister Liz Truss he joined the network to campaign for the environment.

Sam Hall, who chairs the network, said: “It was great to meet with CEN MPs at Cop28, our friends the Coalition for Conservation and MPs and senators from Australia to discuss all things energy.”

Other recent sign-ups to CEN include Matt Hancock, the former health secretary who resigned in disgrace after being caught on CCTV having a passionate kiss with his mistress in his office at the height of Covid-19 restrictions.

Labour’s version of CEN, the Labour Climate and Environment Forum which exists to lobby the leadership on environmental issues, also has a presence at Cop.

Dairy sector contributes more emissions than aviation

The Food and Agriculture organisation will be launching its much heralded Global Roadmap for Agriculture tomorrow. This is supposed to be the year when food finally comes into focus at the UNFCCC – in previous years it has managed to stay well under the radar, with the focus remaining firmly on the fossil fuel industry and other emitters.
Pamphlets on food at the COP28 UN Climate Summit in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Photograph: Rafiq Maqbool/AP

Earlier today we revealed that lobbyists from industrial agriculture companies and trade groups have turned out in record numbers at Cop28, with three times as many delegates representing the meat and dairy industry as last year.

Representatives are present from some of the world’s largest agribusiness companies – such as the meat supplier JBS, the fertiliser giant Nutrien, the food giant Nestlé and the pesticide company Bayer – as well as powerful industry lobby groups.

Our article pointed out that “the world’s top five meat companies’ emissions are estimated to be significantly larger than those of the oil firms Shell and BP, while the dairy industry’s 3.4% contribution to global human-induced emissions is a higher share than aviation.”

Raj Patel, of the sustainability thinktank IPES-Food, said: “Just as with the influx of oil lobbyists, industrial agriculture businesses are scared. They have read the science and they know how much their business has driven the climate crisis.”

If you want a quick, brutal, humorous digest of what was said at last night’s global stocktake negotiations on phasing out fossil fuels you could do worse than reading this thread by Romain Ioulalen, the global policy campaign manager for Oil Change International, summarising what countries said “using normal human language”.

Sitting in tonight's the GST negotiations on fossil fuel phase out #COP28.

Here is what countries are saying, using normal human language, a thread 👇

Steve Barclay, the UK secretary of state for the environment, defended the absence of his colleague Claire Coutinho, the UK’s energy security and net zero secretary, from the Cop28 global climate summit.

Coutinho is the most senior UK politician on the climate crisis, in charge of the government’s legally binding commitment to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, and second only to prime minister Rishi Sunak. But she has attended Cop28 only briefly, in the opening stages, and as the negotiations reach their crunch hours she is not planning to return to Dubai.

Barclay pointed to the fact that Rishi Sunak, prime minister, had attended on the first day of the talks, and said the UK was represented at a senior level, by the climate minister Graham Stuart. He is one of the minister of state in the department, not a cabinet-level post.

Dr. Sultan Al Jaber met with Rt Hon Graham Stuart, the 🇬🇧 United Kingdom’s Energy Security and Net Zero Minister.

This doesn’t wash with other countries. They know that Stuart is a minor minister, and that head of department Coutinho has stayed at home. Other countries have sent their top level ministers to take charge of the negotiations, knowing that at this crucial point – when the phase-out of fossil fuels is finally on the agenda, when the world is fighting for its future – nothing less will suffice.

While the UK’s negotiating team is widely admired for its skill and dedication, the absence of the lead cabinet minister for the UK has been noticed. Many countries have told the Guardian they are disappointed that a country that was until recently a strong climate champion that did much good work behind the scenes on bringing countries together is now absent at a high level.

Barclay said: “There’s been ministers from the start. So I think there’s a very strong representation of UK ministers that have been at the top. The prime minister has been here, a lot of very senior ministers have been here. And you know, this is a continuing commitment, it builds on the work that we did at Cop26. So a huge amount of work has been done.”

Sunak was widely slammed for attending the conference for barely twelve hours, less time than he spent on the private jet that took him to and from Dubai.
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in the huddle on the plane toDubai to attend the Cop28 summit last week. Sunak stayed at the summit for around twelve hours. Photograph: Stefan Rousseau/PA

Barclay added that the UK was pushing for a phase out of fossil fuels, the key issue at these talks. “We’re still committed to that phase out,” he said. But he added the caveat that the PM also feels that it is vital to find a “trajectory that brings the public with us”.

Barclay defended his government’s record on the environment domestically and said he was meeting with water companies to discuss the nutrient regulations, meant to prevent new housebuilding adding to the sewage pressure on rivers. He praised the UK’s commitment to tree planting, and promised that consumers would be able to have confidence that the products they buy are not contributing to deforestation abroad, owing to new regulations on supermarkets.

The UK was well-regarded internationally for its environmental commitments, said Barclay. “You look at the funding that the UK has put in international climate finance, the blue planet fund, the £500m, on a range of issues we are committed and the fact that we have put into law our targets, very clear commitments. And I think that shows the commitment, that it’s not just something that the UK is saying, we have put into legislation as law clear targets [on reaching net zero]. “

It’s the global day of action today. There have already been demonstrations in the Philippines, demanding urgent action at Cop28.
Marchers heading down Commonwealth Avenue in Quezon City earlier today, hoping to put pressure on the delegates in Dubai. Photograph: Earvin Perias/AFP/Getty Images

There are demonstrations planned around the UK today too. But it’s a little confusing because a number of countries – Belgium and Spain, for example – ran demonstrations last weekend. So the concentrated force is perhaps not quite what it could be.

Journalists have been asking questions about my colleague Damian Carrington’s Opec scoop last night. So far, the answers have not really addressed the question of what impact the letter calling for Opec members to push back on fossil fuel phase-out/phase-back language in the global stocktake (GST) will have.

The Cop28 director general, Majid Al Suwaldi, said: “Our president has been very clear from day one that he wants to achieve an outcome that puts us clearly on track for 1.5C. Last night we met with the ministerial pairings – and with all the ministers who are here today at Cop28 – and made it clear that he wants to see an outcome that is as ambitious as possible, and we believe that we’re going to deliver.”

Ephraim Mwepya Shitima, chief negotiator from Zambia said he would be in a better place to comment after today’s round of meeting on the GST. Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, and the Republic of the Congo are Opec members.

But the top prize for evasion so far today goes to the US deputy climate envoy, Rick Duke. I asked him how developing countries can trust the US to be a good faith actor in the negotiations - given that it is the biggest producer of oil and gas this year, has failed to deliver $1bn of the promised $3bn on climate adaptation, and has only pledged $17.5m to the loss and damage fund.

Duke said that US actions on energy transition and deforestation are “consistent with our nationally determined contribution to cut our emissions 50% to 52 % by 2030 … The science commands that we achieve global net zero emissions by mid-century in order to limit warming to 1.5C and that does mean that the world will need to largely phase out fossil fuels in our energy systems by 2050, including with targeted use of carbon capture and storage, but we should also be globally phasing down fossil fuels in this critical decade.” He also talked about coal and China and the importance of leadership in achieving climate action.

There is mounting anger and frustration at the UNFCCC for restricting freedom of expression and assembly of civil society and frontline communities at Cop28 – in violation of the treaty framework and the Paris agreement that all parties signed – while almost 2,500 fossil fuel lobbyists walk the corridors.
Today is the global day of action at Cop28 but delegates face heavy restrictions on what they can say and do. Photograph: Nina Lakhani

A major climate action march is planned for this afternoon as part of the global day on climate action, but it is facing a slew of restrictions on what can be said and how many can attend. For example, no mention of Israel is allowed, otherwise Cop badges may be revoked.

This is happening on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the declaration of human rights.

Yesterday it was reported by my colleague Damian Carrington that Opec, the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, had sent letters to its member countries warning, with “utmost urgency” that “pressure against fossil fuels may reach a tipping point with irreversible consequences” at Cop28. The leaked letters were seen by the Guardian.

The letters noted that a “fossil fuels phase out” remains on the negotiating table at the UN climate summit and urges the oil states to “proactively reject any text or formula that targets energy, ie fossil fuels, rather than emissions”.

The news agencies Bloomberg and Reuters also reported the news on Friday, saying several independent sources had confirmed the documents were genuine, and that Opec had declined to comment. The Guardian has not confirmed the authenticity of the documents and Opec did not respond to the Guardian’s request for comment.

Today there has been some reaction to the story, with Cansın Leylim, 350.org associate director of global campaigns, saying:
Opec’s desperate resistance to a fossil fuel phase-out reveals their fear of a changing tide, evident in Cop28 discussions. As 106 nations rally for a rapid fossil fuel decline, the draft text of the global stocktake offers hope, with several options for a phase-out of fossil fuels. Opec needs to get with the programme or move out of the way of our just transition to a 100% renewable energy-powered future. Cop28 was supposed to be the most inclusive of climate talks, yet fossil fuel lobbyists have found shelter, and are trying to block progress. The spotlight is now on the Cop28’s presidency and if they will broker a deal for a just transition or instead align themselves with the oil industry.

But, as Catherine Abreu, the founder and executive director of Destination Zero, observed, maybe the letters are a good sign.

“You know #COP28 is on the precipice of delivering an historic outcome that will change the game in the global transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy and energy efficiency when Opec starts to panic.”

You know #COP28 is on the precipice of delivering an historic outcome that will change the game in the global transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy and energy efficiency when Opec starts to panic. https://t.co/xZrgbYoZR3

The climate crisis could stifle economic growth in the Gulf region by almost 70% by 2100, if fossil fuels are not phased out and greenhouse gas emissions continue to heat the planet at the current rate, a study by Christian Aid suggests.

The report, Mercury rising: the economic impact of climate change on the Arabian Peninsula, found that Gulf countries can expect to suffer an average GDP hit of -69% by the end of the century, if global temperature rise reaches 3C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century. If the world rallies to phase out fossil fuels and curtails planet heating to 1.5C as set out in the Paris agreement, these countries face an average GDP growth reduction of -8.2% by 2050 and -36% by 2100.

The Cop28 host, UAE, as well as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait face a worst case scenario of GDP growth reduction of -72% by 2100. At 1.5 C, the economic hit for these three oil producers would be reduced to less than 40% compared with growth without a climate crisis.
During the Islamic Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia this year, water spray cooling systems were set up along the roads. Photograph: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

The region is at risk of becoming “uninhabitable”, according to Shady Khalil, a Greenpeace campaigner in the Middle East and North Africa (Mena) region. ‘The region is acutely threatened by climate change, and faces a future where rising temperatures could render vast areas uninhabitable, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of countless communities and leading to displacement, wars, and premature deaths.”

Gulf country economies are still expected to be higher than they are today, but the pace of growth will depend on how much the planet warms.

The report’s author, Marina Andrijevic, an economist at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, in Vienna, said:“The analysis shows the grave economic harm that will be posed to life in the Arabian Peninsula if temperatures continue to climb in an already baking hot region. Agreeing to phase out all fossil fuels is the single most significant thing that Cop28 could achieve in reducing emissions and turning the tide on climate change.”

The report also shows that Gulf countries have some of the highest per capita emissions on the planet - even without factoring in the fossil fuels extracted and exported in these countries. An average person in UAE is responsible for more CO2 emissions than 645 people from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The former French prime minister and Cop21 president, Laurent Fabius, said the world was off track to limit global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels, as agreed in the Paris agreement, and that he thinks heating will hit between 2.8C and 3C if we don’t act now. Norway’s minister of foreign affairs, Espen Barth Eide, was confronted by activists protesting against the new Rosebank oilfield in the North Sea. The oil and gas licence has been signed off by the UK government – which has been highly controversial – but the facility will be operated by Norway’s Equinor. They asked him if he would stop Rosebank because of the vast emissions it would cause. He said it was not up to him, adding: “These decisions are up to the UK government.” Sultan Al Jaber, the Cop28 president, seemed chipper about the progress made at the summit. He told journalists: “We can all agree Cop28 has been different, and I am sure we will agree that Cop28 has already made history.”