Climate change hurting hops, could lead to pricier pints of beer - WISN Milwaukee
Climate change hurting hops, could lead to pricier pints of beer
Climate change hurting hops, could lead to pricier pints of beer
A new study shows our warming planet's effect on hops in central Europe. 12 News' Hannah Hilyard explains what this could mean for beer drinkers in the Brew City.
Updated: 6:39 PM CST Nov 10, 2023
CAPTURED ONE WOMAN CROUCHING DOWN, UNABLE TO STAND HEARTBROKEN BY THE JURY’S DECISION. NOW, WE SPOKE TO JOEL ACEVEDO’S PARENTS OUT HERE IN FRONT OF THE COURTHOUSE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE VERDICT. TAKE A LISTEN. EVIDENCE IS THERE. WE DON’T I DON’T UNDERSTAND ALL THINGS EVEN EVEN HIM NOT BEING HERE. THERE’S A LOT OF QUESTIONS. THERE’S NOT A LOT OF ANSWERS, BUT THERE’S PEACE. YOU KNOW, THE COURT JUST NEVER HEARD THE JURORS, NEVER HEARD WHO JOEL WHO JOEL WAS. THE LOVE HE HAD. AND TO MAKE IT EVEN MORE CLEAR, JOEL, HIS HEART STILL LIVES. THIS IS HIS HIS LAST BEAT KNOWS HIS LAST HEARTBEAT. WE MADE A PICTURE OF IT. AND THE RECIPIENT IS LIVING VERY WELL. MARIBEL AND JOSE, SAME QUESTION I ASKED YOUR ATTORNEY EARLIER. ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH THE CASE THE PROSECUTION PUT FORWARD. I’M GOING TO KEEP THAT COMMENT TO MYSELF. OKAY. THANK YOU SO MUCH. THANK YOU. NOW ON THE STAND, MATTIOLI SAYS ACEVEDO WAS TRYING TO STEAL FROM HIM, BUT THE ONE PIECE OF EVIDENCE THE FAMILY SAYS THEY NEVER HEARD DURING THE COURSE OF THIS TRIAL, WHAT EXACTLY ACEVEDO WAS TRYING TO STEAL. NOW, THE ACEVEDO FAMILY HAS RECENTLY FILED A CIVIL LAWSUIT AGAINST MATTIOLI AND A COUPLE OF MILWAUKEE POLICE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES. THEIR ATTENTION NOW TURNS TO THAT. JOYCE HANNAH HILYARD REPORTING LIVE, CONTINUING OUR TEAM COVERAGE NOW, LET’S GO TO 12 NEWS. ERICA FINK. SHE’S LIVE AT SIX IN GREENFIELD. THAT’S WHERE A VIGIL IS HAPPENING AT THIS HOUR FOR JOEL ACEVEDO. ERICA. AND CROWDS JUST STARTED SHOWING UP HERE AT SIXTH AND GREENFIELD HERE WITH SUPPORTERS RIGHT HERE FOR JOEL ACEVEDO, JUSTICE FOR JOEL SIGNS, PICTURES OF HIM. LET ME GO HOME. ALL HAPPENING HERE. AND ACTUALLY ORGANIZERS ARE WORKING RIGHT NOW WITH POLICE RIGHT HERE TO CLOSE OFF THE ROAD BETWEEN SIXTH AND SEVENTH ON GREENFIELD. SO THE ROAD WILL BE CLOSED VERY SOON. BUT THE VIGIL IS JUST ABOUT TO START IN THE NEXT FEW MINUTES RIGHT HERE, ACTUALLY, AT THE MURAL FOR JOEL ACEVEDO. SO WE’LL HAVE THE LATEST COMING UP TONIGHT AT NINE AND TEN. ERICA FINKEY REPORTING LIVE. ERICA, THANK YOU. AND OUR LEGAL ANALYST CRAIG MASTANTUONO FROM THE MASTANTUONO COFFEE AND THOMAS LAW FIRM JOINS US NOW TO DISCUSS THE VERDICT. CRAIG, SIMPLY PUT, WHAT DID YOU THINK? WELL, YOU KNOW, THE WAY LAWYERS TALK ABOUT EVIDENCE COMING IN IS WHETHER IT WENT THEIR WAY OR NOT. AND SO AT THE CLOSE OF THE CASE, I THINK THAT THE DEFENSE FELT PRETTY GOOD ABOUT THE WAY THE EVIDENCE CAME IN FOR A COUPLE OF PRIMARY REASONS. THEY PRESENTED THREE MEDICAL EXPERTS THAT TESTIFIED TO VARIOUS THINGS AS TO THE CONCLUSIONS THE PROSECUTION STUCK WITH JUST THE MEDICAL EXAMINER’S TESTIMONY DIDN’T REFUTE THE PULMONARY DOCTOR. THE TOXICOLOGY. BUT SPECIFICALLY, THE OTHER THING IS, MR. MATTIOLI TOOK THE STAND. AND IF I’M HIS LAWYER, I’M FAIRLY SATISFIED WITH THE WAY THAT HE CAME OUT OF THAT PROCESS. MY CLIENT, MR. MATTIOLI, HE WAS CROSS-EXAMINED FOR A TOTAL OF ABOUT NINE MINUTES. THERE WERE NOT SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS TRAINING AS A POLICE OFFICER AND WHETHER HE’S MADE ARRESTS IN THE PAST, NOT INJURED PEOPLE. HOW THAT PROCESS WENT, HIS EXPERIENCE IN AS A POLICE OFFICER WASN’T REALLY USED AGAINST HIM TOO MUCH ON CROSS-EXAMINATION, WHICH WAS PRETTY QUICK FOR HIM. SO I WOULD HAVE BEEN SATISFIED AS A DEFENSE ATTORNEY WITH THE WAY MY CASE CAME IN. WHEN WE’RE SATISFIED WITH THE WAY OUR CASE HAS COME IN, WE’RE USUALLY SATISFIED WITH THE OUTCOMES. AS LAWYERS, AS NICK MENTIONED IN HIS REPORT, AFTER ABOUT FOUR HOURS OF DELIBERATIONS, THE JURY SENT THE COURT A NOTE SAYING THAT THEY WERE DEADLOCKED. THE JUDGE THEN SENT THEM BACK TO DELIBERATE IT. WHAT DO YOU MAKE OF THAT FROM BEING DEADLOCKED TO COMING BACK WITH A VERDICT WITHIN ABOUT AN HOUR? IT’S NOT THAT UNCOMMON, HONESTLY. THIS IS ABOUT THE RIGHT TIME OF DELIBERATION THAT ONE COULD EXPECT ABOUT 5.5 HOURS TOTAL. THAT CHARGING INSTRUCTION IN THAT SAYS PLEASE GO BACK. NO OTHER JURY IS MORE COMPETENT THAN YOU TO REACH A VERDICT IN THIS CASE AND TRY TO REACH A VERDICT OFTEN RESULTS IN A FINDING SHORTLY THEREAFTER. WHAT DID YOU THINK OF THE FATHER REACTING THE WAY HE DID WHEN HANNAH ASKED HIM ABOUT THE PROSECUTION PRESENTATION OF THE CASE? IT APPEARS THAT HE WAS DISSATISFIED OR AT LEAST HAD SOME QUESTIONS, AS OTHERS COULD REASONABLY QUESTION WHETHER THE PROSECUTION PUT IN ENOUGH AND TOLD A NARRATIVE STORY THAT ATTACHED TO THE EMOTION OF TIME INVOLVED. AND BY TIME WE’RE TALKING ABOUT TEN MINUTES OF A TRAINED POLICE OFFICER RESTRAINING SOMEBODY AND THERE WASN’T REAL EVIDENCE PRESENTED OR QUESTIONING OF MR. MATTIOLI ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON IN MINUTE TO IN MINUTE FOUR, IN MINUTE SIX OF THIS RESTRAINT WITH TWO OTHER PEOPLE HELPING YOU THERE TO ASSIST YOU. ONE PERSON, BY THE TIME THE POLICE ARRIVED WAS OUTSIDE. I THINK EVEN SMOKING OR WAITING FOR POLICE SO THAT WOULD SUGGEST MAYBE THE EXIGENCY HAD PASSED AND YOU DIDN’T REALLY SEE THAT EXPLORED AND FLESHED OUT IN A CONFRONTATIONAL STYLE BY THE PROSECUTION. AN WE ONLY HAVE A FEW FEW SECONDS LEFT. I WANT TO ASK YOU THIS. IT TOOK JURORS FIVE HOURS TO COME BACK WITH A VERDICT. WHAT’S THAT LIKE FOR THE DEFENSE TEAM TO WAIT FOR THAT VERDICT TO COME IN? AGONIZING, ABSOLUTELY AGONIZING. AND FOR PROSECUTORS AS WELL. I MEAN, YOU REALLY DON’T KNOW WHAT’S GOING ON BACK THERE. AND I’M NOT IN THE BUSINESS WHEN I HAVE A CASE IN TRIAL OF PREDICTING THE OUTCOME. IT CAN GO ANY WAY, ESPECIALLY WHEN GOING FROM DEADLOCKED TO WE HAVE A VERDICT. AFTER ALL, THAT HAS TO BE QUITE THE YO YO EFFECT. THANK YOU, CRAIG. WE CERTAINLY APPRECIATE YOU JOINING US ALL WEEK. THANK YOU. AND LOOK FOR UPDATES ON THIS BREAKING NEWS STORY RIGHT NOW ON THE WISN 12 APP. YOU CAN ALSO REWATCH THE TRIAL. TODAY’S VERDICT AND REACTION TO THE VERDICT RIGHT NOW ON OUR YOUTUBE AND FACEBOOK PAGES. RIGHT NOW, A MAN FACES CRIMINAL CHARGES AFTER AN EXPLOSIVES MISHAP IN SUSSEX SERIOUSLY INJURED HIS HAND. PROSECUTORS CHARGED 27 YEAR OLD CODY KIRKLAND WITH ONE COUNT OF POSSESSING IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE. 12 NEWS KENDALL KEYS JOINS US LIVE FROM THE SUSSEX PUBLIC SAFETY BUILDING TONIGHT. AND KENDALL DEPUTIES RESPONDED FOR A REPORT OF AN EXPLOSION. PATRICK, ACCORDING TO THIS CRIMINAL COMPLAINT, MORE THAN TEN PEOPLE CALLED 911, TELLING DISPATCHERS THEY HEARD A LOUD EXPLOSION AND COULD SEE A MAN INJURED LAYING ON THE GROUND COLOR, HEARD AN EXPLOSION COME FROM BEHIND THE APARTMENT COMPLEX. WAUKESHA COUNTY DEPUTIES RUSHED TO THIS HOME SUNDAY JUST BEFORE 5 P.M. IT WAS A PRETTY BIG EXPLOSION. IT SOUNDED LIKE A BOMB, ALMOST AN EXPLOSION SO LARGE THAT NEIGHBORS COULD FEEL IT. IT WAS MORE OF A QUICK LITTLE PUSH SOUND AND THAT’S WHEN IT LIKE RICOCHETED OR RATTLED ALL THE GLASS AND STUFF. YEAH, IT SHOOK THE ENTIRE BUILDING AND A BUNCH OF PICTURES ACTUALLY FELL DOWN. SO THAT’S KIND OF LIKE THAT WAS VERY NERVE WRACKING. ACCORDING TO A CRIMINAL COMPLAINT, A ROOMMATE TOLD DEPUTIES THAT CODY KIRKLAND WAS USING A FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND CAMPFIRE MOMENTS LATER, THE ROOMMATE HEARD A LOUD EXPLOSION AND KIRKLAND ON THE GROUND SCREAMING. JORDAN GILLIAM HEARD THE AFTERMATH FROM HIS APARTMENT RIGHT BEHIND THE HOUSE. I HEARD A LITTLE BIT OF LIKE GRUNTING AND PAIN SOUNDS. KIRKLAND RUSHED TO THE HOSPITAL WITH SERIOUS INJURIES TO HIS HAND. A PATIENT’S HAND WAS REMOVED IN THE EXPLOSION. THE COMPLAINT SAYS THE HOMEOWNER TOLD DETECTIVES THAT KIRKLAND ENJOYED MAKING FIREWORKS. DETECTIVES SEARCHED THE BACKYARD AND FOUND A CARDBOARD BOX WITH A WHITE GRANULAR MATERIAL BELIEVED TO BE AMMONIUM NITRATE OR POTASSIUM NITRATE. A GRAY POWDER CONSISTENT WITH FLASH POWDER, SUSPECTED SULFUR AND LOCTITE. THREE CHEMICALS DEPUTIES SAY ARE USED TO MAKE HOMEMADE EXPLOSIVE DEVICES. WE TRIED SPEAKING WITH KIRKLAND. HE DIDN’T ANSWER THE DOOR FRIDAY. NEIGHBORS SHARING THEIR CONCERN WITH 12 NEWS. I LIKE TO KNOW THAT I’M SAFE. AND I MEAN, WHEN YOU HAVE EXPLOSIVES, THAT’S A TOTALLY DIFFERENT SCENARIO. A KENDALL A JUDGE AUTHORIZED A SEARCH WARRANT FOR KIRKLAND’S PROPERTY. RIGHT, PATRICK AND THAT ALLOWED THE MILWAUKEE POLICE DEPARTMENT EXPLOSIVE ORDINANCE DISPOSAL UNIT TO ALSO SEARCH KIRKLAND ROOM AND CAR. THAT’S WHERE THEY FOUND MORE COMPONENTS USED FOR IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE TVS, AS WELL AS LOCTITE, WHICH THE SERGEANT NOTED IS COMMONLY USED TO MAKE PIPE BOMBS, AS WELL AS 3D PRINTED PARTS FOR FIREARMS. KENDALL KEYS REPORTING LIVE IN SUSSEX TONIGHT. DEVELOPING TONIGHT, TOP LAWMAKERS REVEALING TWO UPFRONT THE VOTES AREN’T YET THERE TO PASS THE BREWERS FUNDING BILL, A CRITICAL VOTE SCHEDULED TUESDAY IN THE STATE SENATE. AS WE SIT HERE AT THIS MOMENT TODAY, ARE THERE THE VOTES IN THE SENATE TO PASS THIS? THERE ARE NOT THE VOTES RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT IN ORDER TO PASS THE BILL. CERTAINLY VE THERE WAS HEAVY LIFTING DONE IN THE ASSEMBLY, GREAT BIPARTISAN SUPPORT. CLEARLY, GOVERNOR EVERS IS WORKING REALLY HARD TO GET THIS DONE AND MYSELF AND MANY OF MY COLLEAGUES ARE ON THE RECORD AS WANTING TO GET TO YES. DO YOU KNOW RIGHT NOW HOW MANY REPUBLICANS ARE ON BOARD WITH THIS? WE I WAS WORKING THE PHONES ON THE WAY DOWN HERE TODAY. WE’RE STILL WORKING ON IT. WE’RE STILL TRYING TO GET DOWN TO A HARD NUMBER. WE’RE GOING TO GET THERE, THOUGH. NO NUMBER RIGHT NOW. INTENSE NEGOTIATIONS UNDERWAY THIS WEEKEND. AND THE LATEST EXCLUSIVE INFORMATION SUNDAY MORNING ON UPFRONT. WHAT HAPPENS IF THE VOTE FAILS SUNDAY MORNING AT NINE RIGHT HERE ON 12. TONIGHT, SIX LOCAL HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAMS WILL TRY TO PUNCH THEIR TICKET TO THE STATE CHAMPIONSHIP OPERATION FOOTBALL HAS YOU COVERED. WILL BE AT SEVERAL GAMES TONIGHT. RIGHT NOW, WE’RE TAKING A LOOK AT VIDEO FROM NEWS CHOPPER 12 OVER THE WEST ALLIS SPORTS COMPLEX. THAT’S WHERE FRANKLIN AND SUSSEX WILL GO HEAD TO HEAD. GRAFTON, MARQUETTE BADGER AND CATHOLIC MEMORIAL ARE ALSO IN ACTION TONIGHT. YOU CAN CATCH HIGHLIGHTS TONIGHT ON 12 NEWS AT TEN AND FOOTBALL WEATHER FOR SURE. IT’S COOL, BUT WE’RE GOING TO STAY DRY THIS THIS EVENING. YEAH, TEMPERATURES DROPPING PRETTY QUICKLY FOR TONIGHT DOWN INTO THE 30S. THAT’S NOT GOING TO LAST THIS WEEKEND WHEN WE WARM TO THE 50S AND EVEN THE 60S COMING UP IN WEATHERWATCH 12. ALSO AHEAD, FUTURE TRIPS TO THE BAR COULD BE FILLED WITH PRICIER PINTS. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IS AFFECTING HOPS GROWN IN EUROPE AND HOW BREWERIES IMPACTED IN MILWAUKEE ARE ADJUSTING. PLUS, THE PACKERS GETTING READY TO FACE OFF AGAINST T.J. WATT AND THE STEELERS. THE RESPECT THEY HAVE FOR THE FORMER WISCONSIN BADGER. YOU UNDERSTAND LIKE THE GRAVITY OF THEM CALLING 911. ABSOLUTELY. TONIGHT AT TEN POLICE BODY CAMERA VIDEO FROM A HALLOWEEN CLOWN PRANK. THE RESPONSE FROM WEST BEND POLICE AFTER A CHILD CALLED 911 FOR HELP. AND MICROSOFT. INVESTING BILLIONS IN SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN. THEIR PLANS TO BUY UP MORE. FOXCONN LAND. THAT’S COMING UP TONIGHT AT TEN. AFTER EXPERIENCE AND COSTING YOU MONEY TO STAY ON. 12 NEWS AT TEN. NEW AT SIX. CLIMATE CHANGE HITTING HOPS. A NEW STUDY SAYS OUR WARMING PLANET IS AFFECTING CENTRAL EUROPE’S CROP THAT GIVES BEER ITS BITTER TASTE. 12 NEWS. HANNAH HILYARD EXPLAINS WHAT THAT COULD MEAN FOR BEER DRINKERS RIGHT HERE IN BREW CITY. AT MILWAUKEE’S BLACK HUSKY BREWING. DEALING WITH WEATHER IS NOTHING NEW. WE’RE USED TO HAVING SOME VARIATIONS. THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT WE KNOW THAT. BUT CLIMATE CHANGE IS UNPREDICTABLE. ABILITY IS RIGHT NOW WE’RE SEEING SUCH PEAKS AND VALLEYS AND THOSE ARE SO EXTREME. A NEW STUDY TAKES A LOOK AT CENTRAL EUROPE, WHERE MANY BREWERS, INCLUDING BLACK HUSKY, GET SOME OF ITS HOPS. WHAT’S HAPPENING WITH HOPS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE IS THAT IT’S GETTING HOTTER AND THERE’S MORE DROUGHTS. STEFAN SCHNITZER IS AN ECOLOGY PROFESSOR AT MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY. WHEN TEMPERATURES GO UP, THOSE FLOWERS DEVELOP TOO FAST AND THEY’RE NOT DEVELOPING ALL OF WHAT ARE CALLED THE ALPHA ACIDS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE REALLY TASTY BEER. THAT MEANS BREWERS WILL LIKELY NEED TO USE MORE HOPS TO CREATE THAT SAME BEER TASTE. BUT SCHNITZER SAYS THE RESEARCH SHOWS THERE MAY NOT BE ENOUGH HOPS TO GO AROUND. IT’S FORCING BREWERIES TO ADJUST. SO WE ASKED BOTH THE SCIENTIST WILL SOMEONE IN GRABBING A BEER AT THEIR LOCAL DIVE BAR HERE IN MILWAUKEE NOTICE A DIFFERENCE ANYTIME SOON? AND THE BREWMASTER. WHERE WILL PEOPLE TASTE A DIFFERENT BEER HERE AT BLACK HUSKY IN THE FUTURE? THE SAME QUESTION AND THEY GAVE THE SAME ANSWER. PROBABLY NOT. WHAT IT’S GOING TO DO, IT’S GOING TO IMPACT THE PRICE. WELL, THEY MAY NOT NOTICE A DIFFERENCE IN IN THE FLAVOR, BUT THEY MAY NOTICE A DIFFERENCE IN PRICE. HOW SOON? WELL, THAT’S UNCLEAR. BUT IN THE MEANTIME, IF YOU LOVE BEER, WHAT YOU REALLY NEED TO DO IS FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE IN MILWAUKEE HANNAH HILYARD, WISN 12 NEWS. BLACK HUSKIES CO OWNER SAYS THERE COULD BE A SILVER LINING. HE HOPES TO SEE MORE BREWERS TURN TO WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN HOP FARMS GROWING
Climate change hurting hops, could lead to pricier pints of beer
A new study shows our warming planet's effect on hops in central Europe. 12 News' Hannah Hilyard explains what this could mean for beer drinkers in the Brew City.
Updated: 6:39 PM CST Nov 10, 2023
Climate change is now hitting hops. A new study suggests our warming planet is affecting the beer crop in central Europe. That seems far away from southeastern Wisconsin, but local brewers and scientists suggest otherwise. At Milwaukee's Black Husky Brewing, dealing with weather is nothing new. "We're used to having variations. It's an agricultural product. We know that," Black Husky's co-owner and master brewer Tim Eichinger told 12 News. "But right now, we're seeing such, you know, peaks and valleys. And those are so extreme."This new study published in Nature Communications looks at central Europe, where many brewers, including Black Husky, get some of its hops. It's the plant that gives beer its bitter taste. "What's happening with hops with climate change is that it is getting hotter, and there's more droughts," Stefan Schnitzer, an ecology professor at Marquette University, said. "What's happening is that when temperatures go up, those flowers develop too fast, and they're not developing all of what are called the alpha acids that are necessary to produce really tasty beer."That means brewers will likely need to use more hops to create the same beer taste, but Schnitzer said the research suggests there may not be enough hops to go around. "There's a global hop shortage. They need more hops, and they're producing less," he said. It's forcing the Brewers to adjust. Eichinger said there could be a silver lining, suggesting more brewers could turn to Wisconsin and Michigan hops farms to fill the gap created by the central European farms. But there's another adjustment beer drinkers may notice. "Will people taste a different beer here at Black Husky in the future?" 12 News Hannah Hilyard asked Eichinger. "Probably not. What it's going to do is it's going to impact the price," he said. Schnitzer agreed."They may not notice a difference in the flavor, but they may notice a difference in price," he said.It's unclear how soon, but Schnitzer has some suggestions for beer drinks in the meantime. "If you love beer, what you really need to do is fight climate change."
MILWAUKEE —
Climate change is now hitting hops.
A new study suggests our warming planet is affecting the beer crop in central Europe. That seems far away from southeastern Wisconsin, but local brewers and scientists suggest otherwise.
At Milwaukee's Black Husky Brewing, dealing with weather is nothing new.
"We're used to having variations. It's an agricultural product. We know that," Black Husky's co-owner and master brewer Tim Eichinger told 12 News. "But right now, we're seeing such, you know, peaks and valleys. And those are so extreme."
This new study published in Nature Communications looks at central Europe, where many brewers, including Black Husky, get some of its hops. It's the plant that gives beer its bitter taste.
"What's happening with hops with climate change is that it is getting hotter, and there's more droughts," Stefan Schnitzer, an ecology professor at Marquette University, said. "What's happening is that when temperatures go up, those flowers develop too fast, and they're not developing all of what are called the alpha acids that are necessary to produce really tasty beer."
That means brewers will likely need to use more hops to create the same beer taste, but Schnitzer said the research suggests there may not be enough hops to go around.
"There's a global hop shortage. They need more hops, and they're producing less," he said.
It's forcing the Brewers to adjust. Eichinger said there could be a silver lining, suggesting more brewers could turn to Wisconsin and Michigan hops farms to fill the gap created by the central European farms.
But there's another adjustment beer drinkers may notice.
"Will people taste a different beer here at Black Husky in the future?" 12 News Hannah Hilyard asked Eichinger.
"Probably not. What it's going to do is it's going to impact the price," he said.
Schnitzer agreed.
"They may not notice a difference in the flavor, but they may notice a difference in price," he said.
It's unclear how soon, but Schnitzer has some suggestions for beer drinks in the meantime.
"If you love beer, what you really need to do is fight climate change."
Related Knowledge Center: Climate economics
Climate change is now a driver of the world’s economy. The impact is profound:
- Catastrophic weather events — hurricanes, floods, droughts, high temperatures — are more frequent and more extreme. The cost can be measured in both the initial damage caused and the longer-term impact on the economy.
- Vulnerable communities are increasing climate-related investments, hardening infrastructure and taking other protective measures.
- Investment in carbon capture and storage technologies is increasingly rapidly.
- Governments are making investments and crafting regulations to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
On top of all of this is the cost of uncertainty. As the Fourth National Climate Assessment, released in 2018 by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, says, “The assumption that current and future climate conditions will resemble the recent past is no longer valid.”